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. 2023 Oct 20;16(20):6786. doi: 10.3390/ma16206786
Duration (μs) The time between the hit start and the hit end sample points.
Rise time (μs) The time from hit start to the max amplitude sample point.
Decay angle (rad) The adjusted angle of the straight line connecting the threshold level (in volts) at the hit end time with the maximum signal amplitude (at pre-amp output) point to the horizontal.
RMS (V) A statistical measure defined as the square root of the mean of the squares of the AE hits amplitude. The RMS of the AE hits amplitude is usually used because it both is unambiguous and has physical significance. RMS is usually measured on a linear scale and reported in volts, similar to the amplitude units.
Counts The integer part of the sum of the positive and negative signal threshold crossings plus 1 over 2.
Counts to peak The integer part of the sum of the positive and negative signal threshold crossings from hit start to maximum amplitude plus 1 over 2.
Amplitude (mV) The maximum amplitude of the signal at the sensor converted to dBae.
Energy (EC) The adjusted area under the voltage curve computed at the sensor. The physical unit is μVs, but it is not used to describe the number, as this is an adjusted energy measurement.
Average frequency (kHz) The signal counts over the signal duration in μsec.
Reverberation frequency (kHz) The signal counts from maximum amplitude to hit end over the time from maximum amplitude to hit end in μsec.
Initiation frequency (kHz) The signal counts to peak over the signal rise time in μsec.
Absolut energy (aJ) The true energy of the signal on a 10 kOhm resistor computed at the sensor.
Signal strength (pVs) The area under the voltage curve computed at the sensor.
Average signal level (dB) A statistical measure defined as the average of the AE signal amplitude. Because the ASL considers the AE amplitude in a logarithmic scale, it must be reported in dB units.
E (Pa) Young’s modulus.
εij (mm/mm) The individual components of the strain tensor.
εeff (mm/mm) Effective strain.
Ν (Dimensionless factor)—Poisson’s ratio.
σij (Pa) The individual components of the stress tensor.
σeff (Pa) Mises effective stresses.
σcu (Pa) Maximum compressive stress of concrete.
σtu (Pa) Maximum tensile stress of concrete.