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. 2023 Oct 7;13(10):1056. doi: 10.3390/metabo13101056

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Sarcopenic adiposity syndrome. This figure summarizes how healthy muscle develops into sarcopenic adiposity syndrome. Increased fat infiltration, reduced type 2 fibers, and less innervation of motor neurons. Abbreviations: (↓ = decreased; ↑ = increased; IL-6 = interleukin 6; IL-8 = interleukin 8; IL-10 = interleukin 10; IL-15 = interleukin 15; BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor; LIF = leukemia inhibitory factor; FL-1 = follistatin-like 1; FGF-21 = fibroblast growth factor-21; IL1-RA = interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein; TNF I = tumor necrosis factor I; TNF II = tumor necrosis factor II; Pax7 = Paired Box 7; MyoD = myoblast determination protein 1; GH/IGF-1 axis = growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-alpha; miRNA = micro RNA; MSC = mesenchymal stem cell.