Table 3.
The effect of ethylene application on heavy metals in rice.
| Treatment | Application | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cr | Ethylene | Increased expression of four ethylene biosynthesis-related genes (ACS1, ACS2, ACO4, and ACO5) | [21] |
| 200 μM Cu2+ | Ethylenediamine-N, N′-disuccinic acid (400 μM) | Enhance plant tolerance potential to excess Cu toxicity through alleviating Cu-induced poisonous effects. Modulated the mRNA level of Cytochrome P450 gene, OsHMA9, and sulfate transporter gene | [49] |
| Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NP) (450 mg L−1) | Ethylene biosynthesis and signaling antagonists cobalt and silver | Reduces the extent of ultrastructural and stomatal damage by controlling ROS accumulation in rice seedlings and cellular ultrastructural damages | [44] |
| ZnO NPs | - | Upregulation of ACS2 and ACS6 transcripts responsible for ethylene biosynthesis | [47] |
| Mercury and/or Se | Selenium (Se) | Triggered the ethylene transduction gene in Oryza sativa and regulated the synthesis of ethylene and osmotic balance | [48] |
| Hexavalent chromium | Overexpressed the ACO5, ACO4, ACS2, and ACS1 genes to enhance ethylene biosynthesis to regulate Cr-induced oxidative stress | [5] | |
| Chromium | - | Modulation of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling, vesicle trafficking, and ROS level | [46] |
| Chromium | - | Upregulation of ethylene biosynthesis AP2/ERF gene family | [15] |
| As (25 µM) | - | APETALA2/ethylene response factor expression was increased. Two ethylene biosynthesis genes, OsACS2 and OsACO4, were strongly increased, and three ethylene signaling genes were upregulated. | [33] |