Table 6.

The effect of BRs on heavy metals in rice.

Treatment	Application	Concentration	Effects	References
As & Cd	Exogenous Br24 and Br28	0.2 or 0.02 μM	Decreased Cd and As accumulation and translocation to the rice grains.	[68]
Cd and As	Iron plaque (IP) and Br	20 or 60 mg Fe2+ dm−3	Impedes accumulation and transports Cd and As.	[96]
Iron (250 and 6250 μM)	24-epibrassinolide (EBR)	10 nM	Increased ROS scavenging, enhanced the activities of enzymes such as peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, modulated arenchyma area for reducing Fe mobilization in root.	[98]
Chromium (100 µM)	Seed Priming with Brassinosteroids (EBL)	0.01 µM	Altered antioxidative defense-associated genes and upregulated CAT, APX, and POD, while downregulating the MDA, H2O2, SOD, EL, and mitigated sub-cellular damages to ameliorate Cr toxicity.	[90]
Aluminum (400 μmol L−1)	Seed priming with 24-epibrassinolide	(0.01 μM)	Altered APX08, CATa, CATb, APX02, SOD-Fe2, and SOD-Cu-Zn and upregulated BRs and antioxidant defensive genes.	[99]
As (40 mg kg−1) and Cd (5 mg kg−1)	Spray Br28 or Br24	10−7 mg	Altered antioxidative-related genes and increased Fe plague, which improved Mn, Cu, and Zn uptake in roots and restricted Cd and enhanced As root uptake and translocation.	[92]
Iron (250 and 6250 μmol L−1)	EBR	10 nM	Altered antioxidative defense-related genes and decreased ROS, and increased carboxylation, CAT, SOD, and POD activities.	[98]
As 5 µM	2,4-epibrassinolide (EBL)	0.2 µM	EBL significantly increased the content of carotenoid by 5.8% and significantly decreased As content in the roots by 32.5%.	[93]
Cd (20 mol L−1)	Foliar Spraying of brassinolide	0.1 mM	Increased root length and root surface area, and CAT, SOD, and POD activities were significantly improved and decreased the Cd content of rice by transforming Cd into immobile forms and fixing in the cell wall.	[95]