Table 7.
The effect of SA on heavy metals in rice.
| Treatment | Application | Concentration | Effects/Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HgCl2 (10 µM) or PbCl2 (10 µM) | Seed germinated on SA moistened paper discs. | 100 µM | Alleviated the membrane deterioration caused by lipoxygenase (LOX). Reduced MDA and enhanced H2O2 under Pb stress | [108] |
| Cd (25 μM) | SA | 100 μM | Showed elevated photosynthetic pigment content, on-protein thiol content, relieved the growth inhibition, and lowered the ROS accumulation. Upregulated OsHMA3 and OsPCS1 and lowered OsNRAMP2 expression | [110] |
| Cd (2.5 μM) | Foliar Spray of SA | 0.1 mM | Increased the leaf’s Cd content at mature stage and decreased the accumulation of Cd in grains by depositing and fixing in cell wall of leaves | [111] |
| CdCl2 (50 μmol L−1) | Pretreatment of rice roots with SA | 10 μM | Improves root growth; reduces ROS level, and membrane damage; enhances SOD, POD and CAT activities as well as GSH, and AsA contents; improves non-protein thiols’ concentration | [107] |
| As (V) (25 and 50 μM) | SA | 10 μM | Plant growth and As(V) induced oxidative stress while drastically reducing the roots to shoot translocation of AsV. OsNRAMP5 and OsFRDL1 were enhanced | [112] |
| Chromium (100 mmol L−1) | SA | 100 μM | Alters OsPCS1, OsMT1 and OsHMA3 and plant response SR, CAT, POD, and SOD increased to regulate Cr-mediated ROS in rice seedlings | [110] |
| As 10 μmol L⁻¹ | SA | (2.0 μmol L−1) | Increased root and shoot elongation, biomass, total root length, root surface area, root volume, and root tip number | [27] |
| Pb (0.05, 0.15 and 0.25 mmol L−1) | SA pretreatment | 0.1 mmol | Increases seedling shoot, and root length; improves chlorophyll content; reduces peroxide levels; alters SOD and APX activities of hybrid rice cultivar | [105] |
| Cr+6 | OsMYB-R1 overexpressing rice | - | Controls the crosstalk of auxin and salicylic acid signaling and other genes in response to Cr stress |
[26] |
| Cr(VI) | SA application in solution culture | 100 μM | Three genes (OsPCS1, OsMT1, and OsHMA3) involved with vacuolar sequestration showed significant upregulation due to SA treatment. Modulated salicylic acid signaling molecule calcium-dependent protein kinases, to activate the stress-responsive downstream genes (Peroxidases, Glutathione S-transferases, Osmotins, Heat Shock Proteins, Pathogenesis Related-Proteins) | [106] |