Table 8.

The effect of GA on heavy metals in rice.

Treatment	Application	Conc.	Effects	References
-	GA3	1.0 and 10 (μmol L−1)	Higher growth rate and seedling height in both wild type and pmei12 lines compared to the control	[20]
Cd (0.1 mM) or Ni (0.5mM)	Exogenous GA3 application	14 μM	Partially reversed the effects of heavy metals and stimulated growth. Activated mobilization of carbohydrates in seeds	[35]
Cd or Nickel treatment on rice plants	Exogenous GA3	1.4 × l0−5 M	Adverse effects of the metals on the nutrient acquisition were not alleviated and decreased Ca content in Ni-plants. Endogenous GA reduced under stress.	[35]
Fe and Mn plaque	Exogenous (GA3) application through spraying	0.18 mM GA3	Decreased Fe plaque, but increased Mn plaque	[116]
As (10 μmol L⁻¹)	Seedlings were pretreated GA	(2 μmol L−1)	Shoot biomass and root elongation significantly increased. As concentration was reduced.	[27]
Cd	Exogenous GA	-	Decreased the fixation of Cd in the root cell via lowering hemicellulose content, decreased the expression of OsNRAMP5 and OsCd1, increased OsHMA3 and OsCAL1 and accelerated cell wall Cd exclusion mechanism. Lowered endogenous NO production and antioxdant enzymes.	[114]
Cd (20 mol L−1)	Foliar Spraying of Gibberellins	0.1 mM	Root length and root surface area, and CAT, SOD, and POD activities were significantly improved; decreased the Cd content of rice by transforming Cd into immobile forms and fixing in the cell wall.	[95]