Table 9.

The effect of cytokinin on heavy metals in rice.

Treatment	Application	Conc.	Effects	References
Nickel sulfate (130 mg kg−1)	Rice seedlings dipped in kinetin solution	10−4 M	Improved the plant panicles, number of tillers, 1000 grain weight, paddy yield, and plant height while decreasing concentration of Ni in grains and enhanced in in shoot. NPK uptake improved.	[121]
CdCl2 (4, 12 & 30 ppm)	seeds Priming with Mg (NO3)2 and kinetin	5 ppm	Overcome the adverse effects/phytotoxicity of the HMs by improving α-amylase activity and enhancing availability of soluble sugar in the endosperm	[122]
Mercury (25 µM)	-	-	Genes involved in cytokinin signaling (OsRR1, OsRR13, OsRR14, OsRR16, and OsRR111) were downregulated in long-term Hg exposure and 5 ethylene (ET) synthesis genes–OsACS2, OsACO1, OsACO2, OsACO5 and OsACO6– were significantly increased in short-term Hg exposure. Activated calcium accmulation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).	[123]
As(V) (25 µM)	-	-	Two CK—inactivation genes (OsCKX4 and OsCKX5) were strongly increased, 1 CK biosynthesis gene (OsIPT4) was decreased, and 2 CK signaling genes (OsHKL1/OsCRL4) and (OsRR20), were downregulated	[33]
-	Trans-zeatin (ZT3) solutions treatments	20 to 40 μmol L− 1	Increased plant height and stem width, 1-pyrroline, methylglyoxal, proline, and P5CS and OAT activities, enhanced P5CS and OAT activities, and reduced glutamic acid contents. ProDH, P5CS2, and DAO4 expression upregulated.	[120]