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Mechanisms and clinical manifestations of long COVID-19 in various systems. BBB: blood–brain barrier, CNS: central nervous system, COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019, CVA: cardiovascular system, GIS: gastrointestinal system; IBS: irritable bowel syndrome, RAAS: renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome 2, sIgA: soluble immunoglobulin A.
