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. 2023 Sep 24;14(10):1824. doi: 10.3390/mi14101824

Figure 1.

Figure 1

(a) Temperature-response hydrogel by the LCST phase-transition of the PNIPAm network. Reproduced with permission [44]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH. (b) Schematic of the actuation mechanism of the pH-responsive hydrogels. Reproduced with permission [41]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature. (c) Schematic of the electroosmotic actuation process of a hydrogel expansion actuator in an electrolyte solution. Reproduced with permission [45]. Copyright 2022. The Authors, some rights reserved, exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. (d) Schematic of magnetically induced hydrogel bending. Reproduced with permission [46]. Copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry. (e) Molecular structure and response of photosensitive hydrogels. Location of photoresponsivity groups: (1) in the crosslinking points, (2) along the polymer or supramolecular backbone, (3) along the side chains, (4) dissolved in the aqueous medium of hydrogels. Photoresponses type: (A) shrinking, (B) partial de-crosslinking, (C) photothermal excitation, (D) activation or deactivation of reactive sites, (E) release or capture of substrates. Reproduced with permission [47]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH.