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Photographs of the aqueous solution flowing through the COC and PDMS devices at different temperatures. (A) COC device at 25 °C with no bubbles formed; (B) COC device at 95 °C with some bubbles observed inside the channel; (C) PDMS device at 25 °C with no bubbles formed; and (D) PDMS device at 95 °C, with a large formation of bubbles observed along the channel. The black arrow indicates the direction of the flow.
