Table 3.
Toxicological reference values from CIR, RIFM, and ECHA for compounds ≥1% identified in authentic blue lotus extracts.
| Compound Name | CAS Number | Average Concentration (%) | CIR | RIFM | ECHA | Ref. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Max Use Concentration | Genotoxicity | Phototoxicity | NOAEL (mg/kg/day) | NESIL (ug/cm2) | LD50 | Repeated Dose ± | |||||||||
| Concrete | Absolute | Repeated Dose | Developmental & Reproductive | Oral (mg/kg) | Dermal (mg/kg) | Inhalation (mg/L) | Oral NOAEL (mg/kg/d) | Inhalation NOAEC (mg/m3) | |||||||
| 6,9-Heptadecadiene | - | 11.95% | 11.50% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | N.A. |
| n-Tricosane | 638-67-5 | 8.03% | 2.09% | - | NIG | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [26] |
| Benzyl alcohol | 100-51-6 | 7.58% | 10.46% | ≤10% | NG | NPT/A | 100 † | 500 | 5900 | 1620 | >2000 | >4.2 | 400 * | 1072 ‡ | [27,28,29] |
| Tetradecanol | 112-72-1 | 5.99% | 5.32% | <5% | NIG | - | - | - | - | >2000 | 8000 | >1.5 | 3548 ‡ | 1000 † | [30,31,32] |
| Heneicosane | 629-94-7 | 4.85% | 2.22% | - | NIG | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [33] |
| Nonadecane | 629-92-5 | 4.65% | 3.50% | - | NIG | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [34] |
| Pentadecane | 629-62-9 | 4.64% | 4.27% | - | NIG | - | - | - | - | >5000 # | >2000 # | >6.0 # | ≥500 #,† | ≥6000 #,† | [35,36] |
| Oleic acid | 112-80-1 | 4.22% | 4.97% | ≤20.9% | NIG | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [37,38] |
| (E)-Squalene | 111-02-4 | 3.85% | 2.23% | ≤10% | - | - | - | - | - | >5000 | - | 13,800 | >600 ‡ | - | [39,40] |
| n-Pentacosane | 629-99-2 | 3.05% | 0.46% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | N.A. |
| Tetrapenol | 24034-73-9 | 2.98% | 3.68% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | N.A. |
| Linoleic acid | 60-33-3 | 2.81% | 3.93% | ≤21.8% | NIG | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [37,41] |
| γ-Sitosterol | 83-47-6 | 2.37% | 3.70% | ≤10% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [42] |
| 3-((8Z,11Z)-Heptadeca-8,11-dien-1-yl)-5-methoxyphenol | - | 2.20% | 2.62% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | N.A. |
| Palmitic acid | 57-10-3 | 1.98% | 2.65% | ≤21% | NG | NPT/A | - | - | - | >5000 | >2000 # | >0.15 # | 1000–5000 #,† | - | [37,43,44] |
| 2-Nonadecanone | 629-66-3 | 1.64% | 0.16% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | N.A. |
| Heptacosane | 593-49-7 | 1.58% | 0.57% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | N.A. |
| Phytol | 150-86-7 | 1.53% | 2.35% | - | NG # | NPT/A | 333 #,† | - | 2700 # | >10,000 | >4000 | - | 100 | - | [45] |
| (E)-β-Farnesene | 18794-84-8 | 1.39% | 1.63% | - | NG # | NPT/A # | - | - | 3700 # | >5000 | >5000 | >2.06 | ≥1000 † | - | [46,47] |
| Benzyl linoleate | 47557-83-5 | 1.27% | 2.00% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | N.A. |
| Ethyl Stearate | 111-61-5 | 1.20% | 1.76% | - | NIG | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [48] |
| Stigmasterol | 83-48-7 | 1.07% | 1.25% | ≤10% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [42] |
| Methyl cholesterol | 4651-51-8 | 1.05% | 1.25% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | N.A. |
| Hexadecyl acetate | 629-70-9 | 1.03% | 1.08% | ≤12.6% | - | - | - | - | - | >40 mL/kg | >5000 | - | - | - | [49,50] |
| Ethyl linoleate | 544-35-4 | 0.95% | 2.00% | - | NIG | - | - | - | - | >2000 # | >2000 # | - | - | - | [51,52] |
| Benzyl linolenate | 77509-02-5 | 0.79% | 1.49% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | N.A. |
| Benzyl hexadecanoate | 41755-60-6 | 0.78% | 1.38% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | N.A. |
| Ethyl Palmitate | 628-97-7 | 0.55% | 1.27% | - | NIG | - | - | - | - | >2000 # | >2000 # | - | 1000 # | - | [53,54] |
CIR = Cosmetic Ingredient Review, RIFM = Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., ECHA = European Chemical Agency, CAS = Chemical Abstracts Service, NOAEL = No Observed Adverse Effect Level, LD50 = Lethal Dose 50, NESIL = No Expected Sensitization Induction Level, Ref. = References, N.A. = Not Available, NG = Not Genotoxic, NIG = No Indication of Genotoxicity, NPT/A = not phototoxic/photoallergenic, # = read-across, † = sub-acute study, ‡ = sub-chronic study, * = chronic study, - = not available, ± = No ECHA Dermal Repeated Dose NOAEL was available for the compounds listed.