Table 2.
Emerging detection chromatographic techniques used to analyze AFs in feeds.
| Country | Sample | Extraction and Clean up | Detection | Analytes | LOD Range | LOQ Range | Validation Parameters | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | Rice | Phosphate-buffered saline, loaded on IAC: (AFLAOCHRAPREP®) and eluted with MeOH |
UHPLC-FLD | AFs (B1, B2, G1 and G2) | 0.02 ng/g | 0.25–1 ng/g | Linearity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision | [129] |
| India | Peanut-processed products and cereal (rice, corn, millets) | IAC and MeOH | UHPLC-FLD | AFs | - | -AFB1, AFG1: 0.025 mg/kg -AFB2, AFG2: 0.01 mg/kg |
Selectivity, linearity, recovery and precision | [130] |
| India | Pigeon pea husk, poultry feed and wheat bran feed | IAC and MeOH | UHPLC-FLD | AFs | - | 0.5–2 ng/g | Linearity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision. | [117] |
| China | Chili powder, green bean, and black sesame | IAC | UHPLC-FLD | AFs | 0.1–0.25 ng/g | - | Linearity, accuracy and precision | [95] |
| China | Corn and wheat | Solid-phase extraction (SPE) | LC-FLD | AFs | 0.04–25 μg/kg | 0.11–0.61 μg/kg | Recovery and repeatability | [131] |
| Ethiopia | Maize, wheat bran, dairy feeds | MeCN | ELISA (Optical density) | AFB1 and AFM1 | - | - | Recovery and coefficient of variation (%CV) |
[132] |
| Iran | Corn silage; corn; wheat; soybean nutrients dairy cow |
MeOH | ELISA (450 nm) | AFB1 | - | - | - | [133] |
| Pakistan | Wheat | Easi-Extract® AF IAC |
HPLC | AFs | 0.028–0.091 µg/kg | 0.066–0.273 µg/kg | Recovery | [124] |
| Iran | Corn silage | C18 SPE Column and MeOH |
HPLC–FLD | AFs | 0.015–0.12 µg/kg | 0.05–0.4 µg/kg | Accuracy | [125] |
| China | Maize; wheat; animal feed | AokinImmunoClean CF AFLA | HPLC | AFB1 | 0.5 µg/kg | 1.5 µg/kg | Recovery | [134] |
| Brazil | Soybean kernels | IAC AflaStarTM Fit | HPLC-FLD | AFB1 | 0.13 µg/kg | 0.37 µg/kg | Selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision | [135] |
| Macedonia | Maize; dairy cow feed |
AflaPrep® IAC SPE | HPLC–FLD | AFB1 | 0.005 µg/kg | 0.014 µg/kg | Linearity, decision limits (CCα), CCβ, precision (repeatability), and recovery | [136] |
| Republic of Korea | Corn matrices | AflaTest® WB IAC | HPLC-FLD | AFs | 0.01–0.17 µg/kg | 0.01–0.51 µg/kg | Linearity, accuracy, and precision | [137] |
| Turkey | Dairy cow feeds | AflaTest® IAC | HPLC-FLD | AFs | 0.046–0.059 µg/kg | 0.153–0.197 µg/kg | Selectivity, recovery and precision | [99] |
| Brazil | Dairy cattle feed | AflaTest® IAC | HPLC | AFB1 | - | - | - | [138] |
| Serbia | Maize | MycoSep®224AflaZon SPE | HPLC-FLD | AFs | 0.2–0.6 µg/kg | 0.6–1.8 µg/kg | Linearity, recovery, repeatability and reproducibility |
[139] |
| Ghana | Maize and groundnut | - | TLC (EtO2-MeOH-H2O2 (96:3:1) at 365 nm |
AFs | 341 µg/kg | - | - | [100] |
| Togo | Maize | - | HPLC | AFB1 | 0.08 μg/kg | - | - | [140] |
| Colombia | Corn, rice, and cassava | LC–MS/MS | AFs | - | - | - | [141] |