Table 1.

Results of fermentation processes carried out to prepare CS or CS-like polymers based on wild or engineered bacterial strains.

Strain Source	Process	Product	Yield (g/L)	Ref.
E. coli	Batch+P	K4 CPS	0.08–0.09	[84]
E. coli	Batch+P	K4 CPS	0.2	[85]
E. coli	Batch	K4 CPS	0.42	[97]
E. coli	Batch	K4 CPS	0.3	[98]
E. coli	ISPR	K4 CPS	4.7	[87]
E. coli	Fed-batch+P	Ch	3	[99]
E. coli	Batch	K4 CPS	0.41	[100]
B. subtilis BN	Batch	CS	4.2	[89]
B. natto	Shake flask	CS	0.24	[101]
E. coli K4+kfoC (E. coli)	Batch	K4 CPS+Ch	0.48	[102]
E. coli K4 (mutant kfoC)	Shake flask	K4 CPS+Ch	0.21	[103]
E. coli K4+rfaH (E. coli)	Fed-batch	K4 CPS+Ch	5.3	[104]
E. coli K4+slyA (E. coli)	Fed-batch	K4 CPS	2.6	[105]
E. coli K4+kfoC (E. coli)	Fed-batch	K4 CPS+Ch	3.5	[106]
E. coli K4 (ΔkfoE)+kfoE (E. coli)	Batch	Ch	1.19	[95]
E. coli K4 + pgm, galU, rfaH (E. coli)	Microbioreactor batch	K4 CPS	0.59	[107]
B. subtilis + tuaD (B. subtilis)	Fed-batch	Ch	2.54	[90]
E. coli BL21 + kfoA, kfoC, kfoF (E. coli)	Fed-batch	Ch	2.4	[108]
S. equi subsp. Zooepidemicus+ kfoA,kfoC (E. coli)	Bioreactor batch+P	Ch	0.3	[109]
B. subtilis + tuaD, glmM, kfoA (B. subtilis)	Fed-batch	Ch	7.15	[83]
E. coli K4 (ΔpfkA, mutant kfoC)+glmM,glmS,galU,pgm((E. coli)	DO-stat feeding batch	Fructosylated- Ch	8.43	[110]
C. glutamicum (Δldh)+ kfoC,kfoA (E. coli)+ ugdA(C. glutamicum)	Fed-batch	Ch	1.91	[111]
P. pastoris + kfoC,kfoA (E. coli)+ tuaD (B. subtilis)	Fed-batch	Ch	0.19	[11]

Notes: S. equi subsp. Zooepidemicus: Streptococcus equisubsp. Zooepidemicus; C. glutamicum: Corynebacterium glutamicum; Batch^+P: batch fermentation and purification process; ISPR: in situ product removal; K4 CPS: K4 capsular polysaccharide; Ch: chondroitin.