. 2023 Oct 21;13(20):2803. doi: 10.3390/nano13202803

Table 1.

CNPs in neurodegenerative diseases: literature summary.

Nanomaterial	Synthesis Method	Morphology	Size (nm)		Model	Dosage	Route of Administration	Markers	Effects	Ref.
Nanomaterial	Synthesis Method	Morphology	Powder	Hydrodynamic Radius	Model	Dosage	Route of Administration	Markers	Effects	Ref.
CNPs	Precipitation	Cubic	6–16	ND	SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells treated with 12.5 μM Aβ 25–35 for 24 h	100 μg/mL for 24 h	NA	↑ β-TubIII, GAP43, NF-H 200 ↑ GPX1, catalase ↓ SOD1, SOD2 ↑ BDNF, TrkB ↓ p-ERK1,2	↑ cell viability ↓ apoptosis ↑ antioxidant response ↓ neurite atrophy ↑ neuronal differentiation Maintenance of cytoskeletal organization	[27]
Triphenyl phosphonium-conjugated CNPs (TPP-CNPs)	Hydrolytic sol-gel	ND	ND	22	SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and U373 astrocytoma cells treated with 5 μM Aβ	0.1 mM for 12 h	NA	↓mitochondrial ROS	↓ oxidative stress	[28]
Triphenyl phosphonium-conjugated CNPs (TPP-CNPs)	Hydrolytic sol-gel	ND	ND	22	Transgenic 5XFAD mouse as in vivo model for Alzheimer’s disease (AD)	3 μL solution of 1 mg/mL	Unilateral subicular injection	↓ GFAP, Iba-1 ↓ 4-HNE	↑ neuronal viability ↓ glial cell activation ↓ oxidative stress	[28]
CNPs modified with LXW7 peptide and polyacrylic acid (CeO₂@PAA-LXW7)	EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide) reaction	Spherical	ND	2–5	Murine BV2 microglial cells	1 μM	NA	↓ TNFα ↓ IL-1β ↓ ROS, NO ↓ p- FAK, p-STAT3	↓ inflammation	[29]
Europium doped CNPs (EuCNPs)	Solvothermal reactions	Spherical	ND	159.06	Murine BV2 microglial cells	100 ng/mL	NA	↑ CD36 ↑ co-localization of Aβ with Rab7 and LAMP1 ↓ IL-6, IL-1β	↑ microglial phagocytosis of Aβ ↓ inflammation ↓ Aβ plaques ↓ oxidative stress ↓ Alzheimer’s disease (AD) symptoms	[30]
CNPs	NA (purchased)	Spherical	ND	ND	C57BL/6J male mice exposed to PM2.5 for 6 h/day, 5 times a week for 23 weeks as in vivo model for Alzheimer’s disease (AD)	0.25 mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg, 1 time a week for 10 weeks	Intravenous tail injection	↓ IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β ↓ NF-κBia and IκBκB ↓ GFAP ↓ ROS (O₂, H₂O₂) ↑ SOD activity	↓ inflammation ↓ glial cell activation ↓ oxidative stress ↑ antioxidant response	[32]
CNPs	NA (purchased)	Spherical	ND	ND	Mice-derived primary astrocytes treated with PM2.5 for 24 h	5–200 ng/mL for 24 h	NA	↓ GFAP ↓ IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β ↓ nuclear NF-κB ↑ cytoplasmatic NF-κB ↓ COX-2 ↓ ROS (O₂⁻, H₂O₂), iNOS ↑ SOD1, SOD2, NQO1	↓ glial cell activation ↓ inflammation ↓ oxidative stress ↑ antioxidant response	[32]
CNPs	NA (purchased)	ND	ND	3.3	SOD1^G93A transgenic mouse as in vivo model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)	20 mg/kg, 2 times a week	Intravenous tail injection		↑ muscle strength ↑ survival (+11 days ca.) ↓ clinical score ↓ body weight loss	[33]
CNPs	NA (purchased)	Spherical	3–5	ND	Wistar rats exposed to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) as in vivo model for stress-induced depression	10 nM	Intrahippocampal and intracerebroventricular injection	↓ IL-6 ↓ MDA ↑ GAP-43+ neurons ↑ CA3 neurons number	↓ depressive-like behavior ↓ inflammation ↓ oxidative stress ↑ neurogenesis ↑ neurite outgrow	[35]
CNPs	Reverse micelle	Spherical	3.5 ± 0.5	ND	VC57BL/6J male mice exposed to open head injury using a stereotaxic impactor as in vivo model for traumatic brain injury (TBI)	11.6 mM	Retro-orbital injection	↓ FJB⁺ and TUNEL⁺ cells ↑ SOD1 and SOD2 mRNA ↓ COX-2	↓ neuronal cell death ↓ oxidative stress ↓ inflammation ↑ cognitive functions ↓ cerebral edema	[36]
CNPs	Hydrothermal	Rods	9.4 ± 2.1 Length: 130.1 ± 42.1	ND		11.6 mM	Retro-orbital injection	↓ FJB⁺ and TUNEL⁺ cells ↑ SOD1 and SOD2 mRNA ↓ COX-2		[36]

CNPs: cerium oxide nanoparticles; ROS: reactive oxygen species; A β: amyloid-beta; β-TubIII: beta-tubulin III; GAP-43: growth-associated protein 43; NF-H200: neurofilament 200; SOD: superoxide dismutase; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; TrkB: BNDF receptor; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; p-ERK: phospho- extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; Iba-1: ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1; 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; IL: interleukin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; p-NF-κB: phospho-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; COX: cyclooxygenase; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; MDA: mondialdehyde; GAP-43: growth-associated Protein 43; CA3: hippocampal region; FJB: fluoro-jade B staining; FAK: focal adhesion kinase; STAT3: transducer and activator of transcription 3; CD36: cluster of differentiation 36; Rab7: Ras-related protein 7; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; NA: not applicable; ND: not determined. Colored areas highlight in vivo experiments.