. 2023 Oct 21;13(20):2803. doi: 10.3390/nano13202803

Table 2.

CNPs in inflammatory autoimmune diseases: literature summary.

Nanomaterial	Synthesis Method	Morphology	Size (nm)		Model	Dosage	Route of Administration	Markers	Effects	Ref.
Nanomaterial	Synthesis Method	Morphology	Powder	Hydrodynamic Radius	Model	Dosage	Route of Administration	Markers	Effects	Ref.
Albumin-conjugated CNPs (A-CNP)	Biomineralization	Spherical	30 ± 8.9	ND	DBA/1J mice exposed to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse as in vivo model for rheumatoid arthritis	1 mg/kg, 2 times a week	Intra-articular injection	↓ iNOS ↑ Arg-1	M2 polarization ↓ clinical score	[39]
Albumin-conjugated CNPs (A-CNP)	Biomineralization	Spherical	30 ± 8.9	ND	THP-1 human monocytes and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages	0.5 μg/mL for 24 h	NA	↓ iNOS, IL-1β ↑ Arg-1 ↓ HIF-1α	M2 polarization ↑ antioxidant response ↓ hypoxia	[39]
Citric-acid-coated CNPs (CA-CNPs)	Alkaline-based precipitation	Spherical	2.8 ± 0.4	3.4 ± 1.1	HepG2 hepatocyte cells, RAW264.7 murine macrophages, Renca epithelial kidney cells and SVEC4-10EHR1 endothelial cells exposed to LPS or H₂O₂	0.1–1 mg/mL for 24 h	NA	↑ SOD, CAT and HORAC activity ↓ ROS (OH^•) ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β	↑ cell viability ↓ oxidative stress ↓ inflammation	[40]
Citric-acid-coated CNPs (CA-CNPs)	Alkaline-based precipitation	Spherical	2.8 ± 0.4	3.4 ± 1.1	C57BL/6J mice treated with complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) as in vivo model for peripheral Inflammation	100 mg/kg	Intravenous tail injection	↓ TNF-α, IL-1β ↑ IL-10	↓ paw inflammation ↓ edema formation ↓ immune cell infiltration	[40]
CNPs + Hyaluronic acid	hydrothermal	Cubic	10–60	ND	Chondrocytes treated with H₂O₂ for 30 min	0.02 μg/mL	NA	↑ ACAN, COL1A1, COL2A1	↓ cell apoptosis ↓ oxidative stress ↓ glycosaminoglycan synthesis	[42]
CNPs	NA	Spherical	5	10	Sprague-Dawley-rat-derived chondrocytes treated with IL-1β	160 μg/mL	NA	↓ ROS (O₂⁻) ↓ NO ↑ Nrf2, HO-1, SOD, CAT, GPX ↑ ACAN, COL1A1, COL2A1 ↓ MMP13, ADAMTS4 ↓iNOS, COX-2, IL-6	↓ oxidative stress ↑ antioxidant response ↓ cell apoptosis ↓ ECM degradation ↓ inflammation	[43]
CNPs	NA	Spherical	5	10	Sprague-Dawley-rat-derived condylar cartilage explants treated with IL-1β	160 μg/mL	NA	↓ ROS (O₂⁻) ↓ NO	↓ apoptosis ↓oxidative stress	[43]
CNPs + Lenalidomide	Precipitation	Spherical	3–5	34 ± 6.8	C57BL/6 mice treated with MOG 35–55 peptide and pertussis toxin (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) as in vivo model for multiple sclerosis (MS)	1 mg/kg, every fourth day	Intravenous injection	↑ MBP ↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-17, INF-γ, TNF-α (mRNA) ↓ GFAP, Iba-1 ↓ CD86⁺ dendritic cells	↓ clinical score ↑ body weight ↓ ventricular volume ↓ myelin loss ↓ inflammation ↓ glial cell activation ↓ peripheral immune reaction	[45]

CNPs: cerium oxide nanoparticles; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; M1/2: macrophage 1/2; Arg-1: arginase-1; HIF-1α: hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; HORAC: hydroxyl radical antioxidant capacity (HORAC) assay; ROS: reactive oxygen species; IL: interleukin; MBP: myelin basic protein; INF-γ: interferon gamma; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; Iba-1: ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1; ACAN: aggrecan; COL: collagen; NO: nitrite; HO-1: heme oxygenase 1; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; MMP: matrix metallopeptidase; ADAMTS4: metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 4; COX: cyclooxygenase; ECM: extracellular matrix; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; ND: not determined; NA: not applicable. Colored areas highlight in vivo experiments.