Table 1.

Biomimetic hydrogel preparation methods, characteristics, and potential applications.

Biomimetic Hydrogel	Preparation Method	Features	Potential Applications	References
Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm)	Temperature stimulus	Temperature influence soluble can make the sol–gel state transform each other.	Tissue engineering.	[31]
Poly(lactic acid)–poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel	Heating/Cooling	Reversible changes in biochemical properties.	Tissue engineering, drug delivery.	[33,51]
Gelatin polymer gradient Cu-Zn bimetallic ionic hydrogels	Ionic crosslinking	Simulation of physiological tissue and ECM microenvironment.	Tissue engineering.	[35]
Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP)–tannic acid (TA) hydrogels	Hydrogen bonding crosslinking	Strong adhesiveness and toughness.	Tissue engineering, antibacterial, hemostatic, wound dressing.	[36,52]
Gelatin/alginate hydrogels, chitosan hydrogels	Chemical agent cross-linking	Improved mechanical properties and stability.	Tissue engineering, drug release.	[38,53,54]
Hyaluronic acid–polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels	Radiation cross-linking	Improves stability and extends the life of hyaluronic acid.	Tissue engineering, wound repair.	[41]
Collagen–hyaluronic acid hydrogel CTS-g-PAA hydrogel Gelatin methacrylate	Enzyme Crosslinking Graft cross-linking Photo-crosslinking	Improving physicochemical properties and water retention. Improved mechanical properties and optimized structure. Accurate manipulation of time and space, facilitating the regulation of biochemical properties.	Tissue engineering, drug development. Horticultural field, controlled release of drugs. Tissue engineering, wound healing, angiogenesis.	[42,55] [43,56,57] [47,58]
ESP/GelMA composite hydrogel	Photo-crosslinking	Promotes osteoblast adhesion, growth, and mineralization; regulates swelling behavior.	Tissue engineering, drug delivery.	[48]
GN hydrogel	Photo-cross-linking/Temperature stimulus	Modulation of mechanical strength and 3D printing adaptation.	Tissue engineering.	[49]
Fmoc-DIKVAV hydrogel	Photo-crosslinking	Anti-inflammatory; supports axonal and vascular regeneration; promotes astrocyte infiltration.	Tissue engineering.	[50]