Table 2.

An overview of the strengths and weaknesses of biomimetic hydrogels and biomaterials.

Biomaterials	Strengths	Weaknesses	References
Polymers	Easy biodegradability, low immunogenicity, and good biocompatibility; Biological properties can be improved by designing one’s own synthesis with satisfactory parameters.	Poor stability and low mechanical properties; degradation products have the potential to adversely affect tissue repair.	[83,84,85,86,87]
Bioceramics	Excellent physical properties, biocompatibility, and precise chemical composition; good bioactivity and corrosion resistance.	Poor toughness, very high rigidity, and low strength.	[77,80]
Metallic materials	Good biocompatibility with human cells and tissues and matching mechanical strength; biologically active and conducive to tissue repair and regeneration.	It is not easily degradable, and its decomposition speed is easily affected by the external environment of the tissue.	[88,89,90]
3D printing	A simulation of natural microstructures based on fused deposition modeling, selective laser melting, inkjet printing, and direct ink writing techniques.	High temperatures can damage protein-based biomimetic hydrogels, affecting drug loading and release.	[91,92,93]
4D printing	Excellent shape memory effect and good cytocompatibility.	Slow and inefficient memory response; a lack of material responsive to multiple stimuli.	[81,82]
Carbon nano-tubes/graphene	Mainly used as implants or carriers to promote the restoration of electrical and thermal conductivity of neural tissues.	Toxic; form and dosage may cause adverse reactions in the body.	[94,95,96,97]
Biomimetic hydrogels	It can adjust the chemical structure according to the needs, regulate the decomposition speed and the acidity of the decomposition products, and can be combined with bioactive substances; it can mimic the natural tissue microenvironment to regulate cell behavior.	It can produce immune response side effects; biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds may adversely affect surrounding normal tissues; injectable biomimetic hydrogel needle contents may leak.	[11,12,98]