Figure 3.

A ketogenic diet modulated gut metabolism and resulted in the depletion of short-chain fatty acids. (A) PLS-DA among KD, SD, SA, and KA groups. (B) Volcano plot of metabolites in SD vs. KD and SA vs. KA. (C) Venn analysis between SD vs. KD and SA vs. KA to show the overlapped metabolites resulting from KD. (D) Venn analysis between SD vs. SA and KD vs. KA to show the overlapped metabolites resulting from L-arginine injection. (E) Altered metabolites associated with ketogenic diet. (F) Altered metabolites associated with L-arginine injection. (G) Univariant analysis for KD and L-arginine-induced metabolites. (H) Short-chain fatty acids assessment. (I) Network map established based on KEGG pathway enrichment. All data were shown with mean ± SD.