Germ-depletion and butyrate supplementation treatment attenuate necrosis of pancreatic tissue and systemic inflammation in L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis. (A) Scheme of germ-depletion and butyric acid supplement groups. (B) Serum amylase, lipase, and LBP levels. (C) H&E-stained sections of the pancreas and IF sections of the intestinal barrier with expression levels of Zo-1 (green) and occludin (green) measured with qPCR. (D) SOD in pancreatic tissue. (E) MDA in pancreatic tissue. (F) Cytokines in serum. (G) Chemokines in serum. All data were shown with mean ± SD, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, ns = not significant.