Table 3.
Characteristics of clinical trials in humans on introducing bread fortified with various ingredients with a nutritional effect into the diet (n = 7).
| Jadad Scale |
Participants | Fortificant/Substance/ Dose/Inhibitor |
Duration | Methods/Analysis | Results | References/ Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Young adults N = 10 Age: 16–30 BMI: 27.6–36.6 |
Fiber; pumpkin powder at 75 g/450 g of flour, corn powder at 20 g/450 g of flour |
3 days | Vein blood, SG, IR, SAS |
SG after 120 min: enriched bread at 56.8 L vs. 75.9 mmol*min/L for control bread; MI after 120 min: 20,476 vs. 32,892 mmol*min/L; lower SAS |
[28] New Zealand |
| 2 | Young adults N = 19 Age: 22–24 BMI: 22.2 |
Fiber; arabinoxylan oligosaccharides: 8.9 g/portion, 18.4 g/portion; resistant starch: 6.6 g/portion, 15 g/portion |
3 h | Vein blood, GR, IR, ISI |
GR decrease from 183.3 mmol min/L to 168.3 to 154.4 mmol min/L at 0–120 min; IR decreased from 0.050 nmol/l to 0.042 and 0.038 nmol/l; ISI increase from 478 to 512 and 551 |
[29] Sweden |
| 5 | Adults N = 35 Age: 17–74 BMI: 18.5–29.99 |
Fiber; VERSAFIBE™2470 at 16.5 g/portion |
3 weeks | Vein blood, GR, IR, PS, gastrointestinal tolerance |
GR reduced by 43–45%, IR by 35–40%, reduced hunger |
[30] USA |
| 4 | Adults N = 24 Age: 34–61 BMI: 22.1 |
Fiber; arabinoxylan at 3.2 g/100 g |
7 days | Vein blood, PPG |
PPG reduced by 20% | [31] Italy |
| 3 | Overweight or obese women with type 2 diabetes N = 48 Age: 25–55 BMI: 25–40 |
Protein, whey protein at 20 g/portion |
12 weeks | Vein blood, GS, FGL, IL, LP, BP |
FGL elevated from 154.50 to 178.50 mg/dL; IL increased from 22.45 to 44.30 μIU/mL and from 16.30 to 38.30 μIU/mL in experimental and placebo group, respectively |
[32] Iran |
| 3 | Diabetes patients, women N = 30 Age: 30–50 BMI: 29.5 |
Protein, soy flour |
8 weeks | Vein blood, metabolic profile (n > 30) |
No statistically significant changes | [33] Iran |
| 3 | Overweight/obese women N = 30 Age: 19–35 BMI: 25–30 |
Protein, soy flour |
15 weeks | Vein blood, LP, BP, anthropometric parameters, CVD factors, BMI, weight |
Weight reduction by 4.8 kg; BMI reduction by 0.6 |
[34] Iran |
Jadad scale—0–5, N—number of population, Age—years, BMI—body mass index (kg/m2), SG—serum glucose, IR—insulin response, MI—mean insulin, SAS—subjective appetite suppression, GR—glucose response, IR—insulin response, PPG—postprandial plasma glucose, PS—postprandial satiety, ISI—insulin sensitivity index, GS—glycemic status, FGL—fasting glucose level, IL—insulin level, LP—lipid profile, BP—blood pressure, CVD—cardiovascular disease.