Table 2.

List of recent clinical trials on probiotics in IBD.

Probiotic Used	Study	Number of Patients	Outcome
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917	Kruis W. et al., 1997 [105]	120	The capacity to maintain remission and stave off relapse is akin to mesalazine.
	Kruis W. et al., 2004 [106]	327	The capacity to maintain remission with a similar level of safety is akin to mesalazine.
	Matthes H. et al., 2010 [107]	90	The chance of achieving dose-dependent effectiveness in inducing remission with the rectal probiotic, as opposed to a placebo.
Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus YIT 0168 (Bifidobacteria-Fermented Milk- BFM)	Ishikawa et al., 2003 [108]	21	Increased efficacy of the probiotic combination as an adjunct treatment in preserving remission and averting relapse when contrasted with conventional therapy in isolation.
	Kato K. et al., 2004 [109]	20	Increased effectiveness of the probiotic as supplementary treatment in sustaining remission when compared to conventional therapy alone.
	Matsuoka et al., 2018 [110]	195	No significant differences between groups; study discontinued
Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium infantis, Streptococcus salivarius subsp. Thermophils (VSL#3)	Tursi A. et al., 2010 [111]	144	The probiotic mixture, when used as an additional treatment alongside conventional therapy, demonstrated superior effectiveness in patients with recurring conditions compared to a placebo.
	Sood A. et al., 2009 [112]	147	Superior efficacy in both inducing and sustaining remission in comparison to a placebo.
	Fedorak et al., 2015 [113]	120	After 90 days, there were no notable distinctions between the groups; however, in a one-year follow-up, a lower occurrence of severe endoscopic recurrence was observed in the VSL#3 group post-resection (p = 0.09). Additionally, the probiotic group showed a reduction in inflammatory cytokine levels after 90 days (p < 0.05).
Bifidobacterium longum 536	Tamaki et al., 2016 [114]	56	The study group showed a substantial enhancement in UCDAI (p < 0.01) and MAYO score, while the control group exhibited no improvements.