Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population.
| Characteristic | Overall | Quartile 1 [6.93, 1855.685] |
Quartile 2 (1855.685, 2517.15] |
Quartile 3 (2517.15, 3358.675] |
Quartile 4 (3358.675, 15,829.6] |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 5427 | 1357 | 1357 | 1356 | 1357 | |
| Handgrip Strength, kg/weight (kg) |
0.93 (0.01) |
0.90 (0.01) | 0.91 (0.01) | 0.93 (0.01) | 0.97 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| Gender, n (weighted %) |
<0.0001 | |||||
| Female | 2577 (48.37) |
760 (58.28) | 715 (54.20) | 623 (47.19) | 479 (37.62) | |
| Male | 2850 (51.63) |
597 (41.72) | 642 (45.80) | 733 (52.81) | 878 (62.38) | |
| Age, years, n (weighted %) |
<0.0001 | |||||
| 20–29 | 1089 (20.06) |
330 (26.32) | 251 (18.91) | 219 (15.82) | 289 (21.39) | |
| 30–39 | 993 (18.29) |
216 (15.65) | 215 (14.46) | 265 (18.57) | 297 (19.42) | |
| 40–49 | 974 (17.94) |
201 (16.25) | 248 (18.83) | 251 (19.16) | 274 (21.13) | |
| 50–59 | 889 (16.38) |
177 (16.07) | 229 (19.55) | 236 (20.67) | 247 (21.24) | |
| ≥60 | 1483 (27.32) |
433 (25.72) | 414 (28.26) | 386 (25.78) | 250 (16.83) | |
| Race, n (weighted %) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1211 (10.21) |
433 (18.27) | 328 (11.29) | 242 (7.63) | 208 (6.04) | |
| Mexican American | 567 (7.21) |
133 (8.45) | 145 (7.17) | 136 (6.06) | 153 (7.43) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 2406 (70.76) |
464 (57.92) | 594 (70.77) | 666 (75.70) | 682 (75.18) | |
| Other race (including multi-racial and other Hispanic) |
1243 (11.82) |
327 (15.36) | 290 (10.78) | 312 (10.61) | 314 (11.35) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, n (weighted %) | 0.08 | |||||
| <25 | 1713 (31.19) |
445 (32.52) | 447 (32.75) | 430 (32.53) | 391 (27.71) | |
| 25–29.9 | 1800 (34.96) |
440 (35.48) | 413 (32.73) | 488 (35.88) | 459 (35.63) | |
| ≥30 | 1914 (33.85) |
472 (32.00) | 497 (34.52) | 438 (31.59) | 507 (36.66) | |
| Education level, n (weighted %) |
<0.0001 | |||||
| Above | 863 (11.14) |
281 (14.64) | 220 (11.62) | 189 (10.29) | 173 (9.06) | |
| High school | 1126 (19.50) |
313 (23.37) | 288 (19.71) | 257 (18.07) | 268 (17.95) | |
| Below | 3438 (69.36) |
763 (61.99) | 849 (68.66) | 910 (71.64) | 916 (73.00) | |
| Poverty to income ratio, n (weighted %) | <0.0001 | |||||
| <1.3 | 1642 (20.53) |
526 (30.80) | 394 (19.34) | 349 (17.16) | 373 (17.47) | |
| 1.3–3.49 | 1882 (34.33) |
458 (34.11) | 491 (35.80) | 472 (34.19) | 461 (33.36) | |
| ≥3.5 | 1903 (45.14) |
373 (35.09) | 472 (44.86) | 535 (48.65) | 523 (49.16) | |
| Smoking status, n (weighted %) |
0.002 | |||||
| Former smoker | 1268 (24.43) |
250 (18.52) | 304 (24.27) | 353 (26.46) | 361 (26.83) | |
| Non-smoker | 3126 (57.57) |
838 (61.35) | 818 (59.82) | 766 (57.56) | 704 (53.06) | |
| Current smoker | 1033 (17.99) |
269 (20.13) | 235 (15.91) | 237 (15.98) | 292 (20.11) | |
| Alcohol status, n (weighted %) |
<0.0001 | |||||
| Former | 821 (12.56) |
240 (15.40) | 220 (13.60) | 186 (11.73) | 175 (10.45) | |
| Never | 666 (9.51) |
220 (13.86) | 182 (10.95) | 146 (7.65) | 118 (6.98) | |
| Mild | 1947 (37.55) |
454 (32.26) | 499 (39.17) | 560 (44.96) | 434 (33.04) | |
| Moderate | 904 (18.95) |
208 (18.07) | 212 (17.23) | 224 (17.99) | 260 (21.88) | |
| Heavy | 1089 (21.44) |
235 (20.42) | 244 (19.04) | 240 (17.66) | 370 (27.66) | |
| Physical activity, MET min/wk, n (weighted %) |
<0.001 | |||||
| Q1 [40, 800] |
1373 (23.77) |
400 (28.06) | 390 (27.34) | 312 (21.86) | 271 (19.53) | |
| Q2 (800, 1920] |
1341 (25.16) |
328 (23.37) | 330 (27.41) | 363 (26.76) | 320 (23.03) | |
| Q3 (1920, 5040] |
1378 (26.09) |
323 (25.65) | 351 (24.30) | 349 (25.75) | 355 (28.20) | |
| Q4 (5040, 59,040] |
1335 (24.99) |
306 (22.92) | 286 (20.95) | 332 (25.62) | 411 (29.24) | |
| Daily total intake of protein, g/day, n (weighted %) |
<0.0001 | |||||
| Q1 [0, 53.57] |
1358 (23.48) |
602 (44.12) | 338 (23.95) | 246 (17.86) | 172 (13.83) | |
| Q2 (53.57, 75.575] |
1356 (24.65) |
400 (28.96) | 380 (27.58) | 316 (24.48) | 260 (19.33) | |
| Q3 (75.575, 102.52] |
1357 (26.58) |
227 (17.84) | 371 (29.89) | 416 (31.28) | 343 (25.58) | |
| Q4 (102.52, 474.19] |
1356 (25.29) |
128 (9.08) | 268 (18.58) | 378 (26.39) | 582 (41.26) | |
| Daily total intake of energy, kcal/day, n (weighted %) |
<0.0001 | |||||
| Q1 [93, 1498.5] |
1357 (22.43) |
479 (33.03) | 354 (22.48) | 301 (20.12) | 223 (17.09) | |
| Q2 (1498.5, 2007] |
1358 (24.93) |
356 (26.41) | 368 (28.69) | 352 (26.61) | 282 (19.18) | |
| Q3 (2007, 2688.5] |
1355 (26.13) |
287 (21.73) | 359 (27.69) | 351 (26.61) | 358 (27.44) | |
| Q4 (2688.5, 12,108] |
1357 (26.52) |
235 (18.82) | 276 (21.14) | 352 (26.66) | 494 (36.29) | |
| Daily total intake of carbohydrates, g/day, n (weighted %) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Q1 [3.8, 175.005] |
1357 (23.87) |
444 (30.74) | 338 (24.69) | 311 (22.14) | 264 (19.98) | |
| Q2 (175.005, 242.16] |
1356 (24.58) |
348 (25.73) | 356 (25.87) | 357 (26.23) | 295 (21.16) | |
| Q3 (242.16, 326.935] |
1357 (26.04) |
323 (24.11) | 374 (28.50) | 322 (25.62) | 338 (25.72) | |
| Q4 (326.935, 1362.55] |
1357 (25.51) |
242 (19.43) | 289 (20.94) | 366 (26.01) | 460 (33.14) | |
| Daily total intake of sugars, g/day, n (weighted %) |
0.07 | |||||
| Q1 [0.1, 61.08] |
1357 (24.34) |
382 (25.28) | 348 (25.98) | 314 (23.89) | 313 (22.72) | |
| Q2 (61.08, 99.43] |
1357 (24.73) |
343 (25.24) | 331 (24.28) | 367 (27.06) | 316 (22.61) | |
| Q3 (99.43, 149.34] |
1356 (25.25) |
354 (26.17) | 360 (26.14) | 334 (25.00) | 308 (24.11) | |
| Q4 (149.34, 1048.48] |
1357 (25.68) |
278 (23.32) | 318 (23.60) | 341 (24.05) | 420 (30.57) | |
| Daily total intake of fat, g/day, n (weighted %) |
<0.0001 | |||||
| Q1 [0.33, 50] |
1357 (22.37) |
437 (29.39) | 353 (22.47) | 308 (20.57) | 259 (19.03) | |
| Q2 (50, 74.58] |
1356 (24.59) |
377 (28.66) | 354 (26.01) | 338 (23.96) | 287 (21.13) | |
| Q3 (74.58,105.715] |
1357 (26.87) |
286 (22.34) | 369 (30.06) | 347 (28.80) | 355 (25.59) | |
| Q4 (105.715,548.38] |
1357 (26.17) |
257 (19.61) | 281 (21.46) | 363 (26.67) | 456 (34.25) | |
| Diabetes, n (weighted %) | 0.55 | |||||
| No | 4617 (88.90) |
1121 (88.10) | 1166 (88.65) | 1158 (88.67) | 1172 (89.87) | |
| Yes | 810 (11.10) |
236 (11.90) | 191 (11.35) | 198 (11.33) | 185 (10.13) | |
| Hypertension, n (weighted %) | 0.62 | |||||
| No | 3334 (64.85) |
812 (63.38) | 807 (64.06) | 838 (64.93) | 877 (66.45) | |
| Yes | 2093 (35.15) |
545 (36.62) | 550 (35.94) | 518 (35.07) | 480 (33.55) | |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (weighted %) | 0.02 | |||||
| No | 1814 (32.45) |
480 (36.00) | 417 (29.25) | 432 (30.42) | 485 (34.52) | |
| Yes | 3613 (67.55) |
877 (64.00) | 940 (70.75) | 924 (69.58) | 872 (65.48) | |
| Cancer, n (weighted %) |
0.05 | |||||
| No | 4951 (89.93) |
1252 (92.47) | 1228 (89.02) | 1211 (87.97) | 1260 (90.72) | |
| Yes | 476 (10.07) |
105 (7.53) | 129 (10.98) | 145 (12.03) | 97 (9.28) |
The continuity variables involved in this study are expressed as means (standard error), and the categorical variables are expressed as actual quantities (weighted percentages); the one-way ANOVA applies to continuity variables, and the chi-squared test applies to categorical variables; abbreviations: Q1, the first quartile; Q2, the second quartile; Q3, the third quartile; Q4, the fourth quartile; ref, reference; daily total intake of water quartile ranges: Quartile 1 = 6.93 to 1855.685 g/day; Quartile 2 = 1855.686 to 2517.15 g/day; Quartile 3 = 2517.16 to 3358.675 g/day; Quartile 4 = 3358.676 to 15,829.6 g/day.