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. 2023 Oct 23;15(20):4477. doi: 10.3390/nu15204477

Table 4.

Interaction Effect Test.

Q1 Q2 p Q3 p Q4 p p for Trend p for Interaction
Gender 0.2
Female ref 0 (−0.02, 0.01) 0.62 −0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) 0.25 0 (−0.02, 0.02) 0.99 0.59
Male ref 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) 0.48 0.01 (−0.01, 0.04) 0.31 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.22 0.69
Age 0.44
20–29 ref −0.01 (−0.05, 0.02) 0.49 −0.01 (−0.06, 0.03) 0.51 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) 0.62 0.53
30–39 ref −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) 0.3 −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) 0.61 0 (−0.04, 0.03) 0.94 0.46
40–49 ref 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) 0.54 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) 0.44 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06) 0.21 0.5
50–59 ref −0.01 (−0.06, 0.04) 0.72 −0.04 (−0.08, 0.01) 0.15 −0.03 (−0.07, 0.02) 0.22 0.21
≥60 ref 0.02 (0.00, 0.05) 0.07 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.16 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) 0.09 0.6
Race 0.24
Non-Hispanic Black ref 0 (−0.03, 0.03) 0.82 0 (−0.03, 0.04) 0.92 0 (−0.05, 0.04) 0.87 0.81
Mexican American ref 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) 0.23 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) 0.47 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05) 0.81 0.91
Non-Hispanic White ref 0 (−0.02, 0.01) 0.62 −0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) 0.42 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) 0.32 0.18
Other race ref 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) 0.03 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) 0.07 0.02 (−0.03, 0.06) 0.41 0.73
Body mass index 0.18
<25 ref −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) 0.57 0 (−0.04, 0.04) 0.94 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) 0.46 0.34
25–29.9 ref 0.01 (−0.01, 0.04) 0.27 0 (−0.03, 0.02) 0.74 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) 0.1 0.24
≥30 ref 0 (−0.02, 0.03) 0.67 0 (−0.02, 0.03) 0.75 0 (−0.02, 0.02) 0.94 0.68
Education level 0.54
Above ref 0.01 (−0.03, 0.06) 0.54 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) 0.32 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) 0.53 0.9
High school ref 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.19 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) 0.68 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) 0.03 0.08
Below ref −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) 0.6 −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) 0.68 0 (−0.02, 0.02) 0.88 0.81
Poverty to income ratio 0.39
<1.3 ref 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) 0.07 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.12 0.03 (0.00, 0.05) 0.06 0.73
1.3–3.49 ref −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) 0.44 −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) 0.56 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.22 0.06
≥3.5 ref 0 (−0.02, 0.03) 0.9 −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) 0.72 −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) 0.68 0.74
Smoke status 0.23
Former smoker ref 0 (−0.02, 0.02) 0.68 0 (−0.02, 0.02) 0.87 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) 0.43 0.67
Non-smoker ref 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.24 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) 0.03 0.04 (0.01, 0.06) 0.01 0.14
Current smoker ref −0.01 (−0.05, 0.04) 0.71 −0.02 (−0.07, 0.02) 0.26 0 (−0.04, 0.04) 0.99 0.19
Alcohol status 0.15
Former ref 0 (−0.04, 0.03) 0.75 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) 0.25 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) 0.11 0.94
Never ref 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.18 0 (−0.03, 0.04) 0.8 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) 0.02 0.1
Mild ref 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06) 0.16 0 (−0.03, 0.03) 0.78 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) 0.58 0.13
Moderate ref −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) 0.09 −0.03 (−0.06, 0.00) 0.07 −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) 0.47 0.26
Heavy ref 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) 0.54 0.02 (−0.02, 0.07) 0.32 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) 0.33 0.76
Physical activity 0.09
Q1 ref 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) 0.02 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) 0.67 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) 0.08 0.02
Q2 ref −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) 0.25 −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) 0.21 −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) 0.1 0.38
Q3 ref 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) 0.6 0 (−0.04, 0.03) 0.98 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) 0.51 0.74
Q4 ref −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) 0.67 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) 0.3 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) 0.27 0.78
Daily total intake of protein 0.65
Q1 ref −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) 0.65 0 (−0.03, 0.03) 0.99 0 (−0.03, 0.03) 0.95 1
Q2 ref 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) 0.27 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06) 0.17 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.16 0.93
Q3 ref 0 (−0.03, 0.04) 0.82 −0.02 (−0.06, 0.03) 0.44 −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) 0.68 0.71
Q4 ref −0.03 (−0.08, 0.01) 0.11 −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) 0.4 −0.01 (−0.05, 0.04) 0.75 0.38
Daily total intake of energy 0.57
Q1 ref 0 (−0.03, 0.03) 0.81 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) 0.76 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) 0.43 0.39
Q2 ref 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) 0.64 −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) 0.3 −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) 0.37 0.21
Q3 ref 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.16 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) 0.48 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) 0.05 0.09
Q4 ref −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) 0.48 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) 0.53 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) 0.42 0.02
Daily total intake of carbohydrates 0.65
Q1 ref −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) 0.31 0 (−0.03, 0.03) 0.76 −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) 0.72 0.56
Q2 ref 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.29 0 (−0.03, 0.03) 0.95 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.24 0.17
Q3 ref 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) 0.68 −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) 0.53 0 (−0.03, 0.03) 0.95 0.22
Q4 ref 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) 0.61 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) 0.29 0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) 0.18 0.14
Daily total intake of sugars 0.77
Q1 ref 0 (−0.03, 0.03) 0.97 −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) 0.29 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) 0.62 0.06
Q2 ref 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) 0.73 −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) 0.67 −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) 0.48 0.53
Q3 ref 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) 0.6 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) 0.57 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) 0.41 0.79
Q4 ref 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) 0.62 0.02 (−0.03, 0.06) 0.39 0.03 (−0.02, 0.07) 0.22 0.73
Daily total intake of fat 0.08
Q1 ref 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) 0.34 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) 0.61 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) 0.04 0.08
Q2 ref 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) 0.34 −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) 0.31 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) 0.79 0.55
Q3 ref −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) 0.7 −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) 0.6 −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) 0.33 0.68
Q4 ref −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) 0.54 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) 0.44 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.19 0.61
Diabetes 0.5
No ref 0 (−0.02, 0.02) 0.8 0 (−0.02, 0.02) 0.9 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) 0.26 0.37
Yes ref 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) 0.12 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) 0.57 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) 0.38 0.92
Hypertension 0.44
No ref −0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) 0.53 0 (−0.03, 0.02) 0.8 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) 0.65 0.96
Yes ref 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06) 0.19 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) 0.67 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.22 0.3
Hyperlipidemia 0.83
No ref 0.01 (−0.01, 0.04) 0.36 0.01 (−0.01, 0.04) 0.33 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) 0.24 0.7
Yes ref 0 (−0.02, 0.02) 0.82 −0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) 0.52 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) 0.51 0.58
Cancer 0.53
No ref 0 (−0.01, 0.02) 0.57 0 (−0.02, 0.02) 0.85 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) 0.28 0.67
Yes ref 0 (−0.04, 0.04) 0.9 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) 0.21 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) 0.07 0.04

Adjusted for age, race, poverty to income ratio, education level, BMI, physical activity, daily total intake of protein, daily total intake of energy, daily total intake of carbohydrates, daily total intake of sugars, daily total intake of fat, smoke status, alcohol status, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cancer. Abbreviations: Q1, the first quartile; Q2, the second quartile; Q3, the third quartile; Q4, the fourth quartile; ref, reference.