Table 1.

Shifting Patterns in PPI Prescription Trends around the world in the 21st century.

Study Type	Population	Country	Time Period	Inference	Reference
Cohort analysis	Population of age more than 18 years	UK	1990–2014	PPI prevalence increased up to 15%, in which 26% used PPI long term and 3.9% used it for 5 years.	[18]
Retrospective observational study	Infants of age less than 1 year	United States of America	1999–2004	PPI usage increases four times in infants; lansoprazole and omeprazole are used mainly.	[19]
Prescription analysis	Adults aged between 5 and 15 with a median age 12	Denmark	2000–2014	PPI use raised to 4 times	[20]
Prescription analysis	Children of Denmark aged between 0–17 years	Denmark	2000–2015	A total of 8 times increment in the dispensing rate of PPI in Danish children’s prescriptions, and omeprazole is the most frequently used PPI	[21]
Retrospective analysis	Patients of the emergency department aged more than 65	United States of America	2001–2010	Increase in prescription rate from 3% to 7.2%, with pantoprazole being the most utilized.	[22]
Prescription analysis	Individuals of any age group with a mean age 62	Spain	2002–2015	Increase in the global dispensing of PPIs from 12.5% in 2002 to 18.1% in 2015. Omeprazole is the most prescribed PPI in this period, and the most frequent age group was above 65	[23]
Retrospective study	Population of age between 18 and 80	China	2007–2016	Prescription rate in inpatient increased from 20.41% to 37.21%.	[24]
Retrospective study	Population of age 18 or older with mean age 51.2	Switzerland	2012–2017	Inappropriate PPI prescription increased from 4.8% to 6.4%, and the annual incidence of PPI also rose to 4%	[25]
Cross-sectional retrospective study	Adult population of age 30–40 years	Saudi Arabia	2019	Increase in the use of PPI, with pantoprazole being the most prescribed	[26]