Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of 1186 children and their caregivers (N = 848) and families (N = 848) across four conditions of a multisector and multilevel obesity intervention study (CA-CORD): control, healthcare only (HC-only), public health only (PH-only), and HC + PH.
| Overall (N = 1186) a |
Control (N = 272) |
HC-Only (N = 276) |
PH-Only (N = 308) |
HC + PH (N = 330) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or % (n) |
Mean (SD) or % (n) |
Mean (SD) or % (n) |
Mean (SD) or % (n) |
Mean (SD) or % (n) |
||
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Female | 50.5% (599) | 56.3% (153) | 52.2% (144) | 49.4% (152) | 45.5% (150) | 0.06 |
| Age | 6.4 (2.7) | 6.7 (2.7) | 6.5 (2.7) | 6.0 (2.6) | 6.5 (2.7) | <0.05 |
| Latino/Hispanic b | 98.5% (1165) | 99.3% (270) | 99.3% (274) | 97.7% (300) | 97.9% (321) | 0.23 |
| Foreign-born b | 8.3% (98) | 7.0% (19) | 13.8% (38) | 4.2% (13) | 8.5% (28) | <0.01 |
| Only spoke English b | 9.4% (111) | 3.3% (9) | 2.2% (6) | 19.5% (60) | 10.9% (36) | <0.01 |
| Daily cups fruit intake b | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.9) | 0.76 |
| Daily cups vegetable intake b | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.49 |
| Daily percentage energy from fat (%Efat) b | 35.0 (4.6) | 35.0 (4.2) | 35.0 (4.9) | 35.2 (4.6) | 34.7 (4.7) | 0.54 |
| BMI percentile | 76.3 (26.5) | 72.9 (27.9) | 78.4 (26.1) | 75.8 (26.4) | 77.9 (25.5) | 0.05 |
| Parenting strategies c | ||||||
| Monitoring | 4.1 (0.9) | 4.2 (0.8) | 4.0 (0.9) | 4.1 (0.9) | 4.1 (0.9) | 0.09 |
| Limit setting | 4.4 (1.0) | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.3 (1.0) | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.5 (1.0) | 0.23 |
| Discipline b | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.7 (1.3) | 0.47 |
| Control | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.1) | 0.78 |
| Reinforcement b | 3.3 (1.5) | 3.4 (1.5) | 3.0 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.5) | <0.01 |
| Permission seeking | 3.8 (1.2) | 3.8 (1.2) | 3.7 (1.2) | 4.0 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.4) | <0.01 |
| Overall (N = 848) a |
Control (N = 195) |
HC-only (N = 201) |
PH-only (N = 223) |
HC + PH (N = 229) |
p-value | |
| Caregiver characteristics | ||||||
| Female | 98.4% (834) | 98.0% (191) | 98.5% (198) | 98.2% (219) | 98.7% (226) | 0.94 |
| Relationship to child | 0.47 | |||||
| Mother | 93.2% (790) | 92.8% (181) | 93.0% (187) | 91.5% (204) | 95.2% (218) | |
| Other relatives | 6.8% (58) | 7.2% (14) | 7.0% (14) | 8.5% (19) | 4.8% (11) | |
| Age d | 35.7 (8.5) | 37.0 (9.1) | 36.1 (8.8) | 34.8 (8.3) | 35.0 (7.6) | <0.05 |
| Latino/Hispanic d | 97.5% (824) | 98.0% (191) | 99.0% (198) | 95.5% (211) | 97.8% (224) | 0.12 |
| Foreign-born c | 67.1% (568) | 66.7% (130) | 75.1% (151) | 57.5% (127) | 69.9% (160) | <0.01 |
| Only spoke English d | 9.1% (77) | 5.1% (10) | 2.5% (5) | 19.4% (43) | 8.3% (19) | <0.01 |
| Married d | 72.7% (613) | 77.8% (151) | 69.2% (139) | 74.2% (164) | 70.0% (159) | 0.18 |
| Education d | <0.01 | |||||
| Less than high school | 31.7% (268) | 25.6% (50) | 35.8% (72) | 24.1% (53) | 40.6% (93) | |
| High school and above | 68.3% (577) | 74.4% (145) | 64.2% (129) | 75.9% (167) | 59.4% (136) | |
| Employed d | 39.5% (334) | 45.1% (88) | 39.8% (80) | 44.3% (98) | 29.7% (68) | <0.01 |
| Owns a home d | 21.9% (185) | 30.9% (60) | 16.4% (33) | 26.2% (58) | 14.9% (34) | <0.01 |
| Daily cups fruit intake d | 1.6 (1.3) | 1.7 (1.3) | 1.7 (1.3) | 1.6 (1.3) | 1.6 (1.4) | 0.59 |
| Daily cups vegetable intake d | 2.0 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.3) | 1.9 (1.3) | 0.69 |
| Daily percentage energy from fat (%Efat) d | 31.2 (4.2) | 31.2 (3.9) | 31.1 (4.5) | 31.1 (4.1) | 31.2 (4.4) | 0.99 |
| BMI (kg/m2) d | 31.8 (7.2) | 30.3 (6.2) | 31.4 (7.0) | 32.6 (7.5) | 32.6 (7.6) | <0.01 |
| Family characteristics | ||||||
| Household size e | 4.7 (1.5) | 4.7 (1.3) | 4.8 (1.5) | 4.7 (1.4) | 4.8 (1.6) | 0.37 |
| Ratio of family income to poverty (PIR) e,f | 0.9 (0.8) | 1.2 (1.0) | 0.7 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.9) | 0.8 (0.6) | <0.01 |
| Food assistance e,g | 70.6% (597) | 58.0% (113) | 74.1% (149) | 63.4% (140) | 85.2% (195) | <0.01 |
| Family diet-context | ||||||
| Days past week food from relatives’ or friends’ home | 1.0 (1.3) | 0.9 (1.2) | 1.1 (1.4) | 1.0 (1.3) | 0.9 (1.3) | 0.34 |
| Days past week food from restaurants | 1.3 (1.1) | 1.3 (1.0) | 1.3 (1.1) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.2 (1.1) | 0.37 |
| Days past week family morning meal e | 3.7 (2.5) | 3.4 (2.4) | 3.9 (2.6) | 3.6 (2.5) | 3.7 (2.6) | 0.08 |
| Days past week family afternoon meal/snack e | 5.3 (2.2) | 5.0 (2.4) | 5.7 (1.8) | 5.1 (2.4) | 5.5 (2.2) | <0.01 |
| Days past week family evening meal e | 5.3 (2.3) | 4.9 (2.5) | 5.4 (2.2) | 5.5 (2.1) | 5.4 (2.2) | <0.01 |
a Up to two children per family can be enrolled into the study; thus, the total number of children and caregivers/family is different. b Missing data for children were observed for the following variables: Latino ethnicity 0.3%; foreign-born 0.1%; only spoke English 0.1%; fruit intake 0.1%; vegetable intake 0.1%; %Efat 0.1%; PEAS: discipline 0.7%; PEAS: reinforcement 0.4%. c Parenting strategies for eating and activity scale (PEAS); response was provided for each individual child in this study. The response options vary depending on the strategies: 1 (never)–5 (always) for monitoring, discipline, reinforcement, and permission-seeking strategies; 1 (disagree)–5 (agree) for limit setting and control strategies. d Missing data for caregivers were observed for the following variables: age 0.2%; Latino ethnicity 0.4%; foreign-born 0.2%; only spoke English 0.1%; marital status 0.6%; education 0.4%; employment status 0.2%; home ownership 0.4%; fruit intake 0.2%; vegetable intake 0.2%; %Efat 1.3%; BMI 0.1%. e Missing data for families were observed for the following variables: household size 0.2%; PIR 5.3%; participation in food assistance program 0.2%; number of days a week the family ate a morning meal together 0.3%; number of days a week a family ate an afternoon meal/snack together 0.4%; number of days a week a family ate an evening meal together 0.2%. f The United States (U.S.) Department of Health and Human Services’ 2011 poverty guidelines were used to obtain poverty cutoff values to calculate the PIR. A ratio of 1.0 or greater indicated the income was above the poverty level and a ratio lower than 1.0 indicated the opposite. g Participation in the food assistance program such as SNAP or WIC.