Gross brain presentation in healthy rats (normal small letters) and then after laureate application into inferior caval vein (italic letters), and subsequent application of the BPC 157 therapy (capital italic letters) or saline (small italic letters) (a–h). Brain presentation in normal healthy rats (a,e), brain swelling presentation immediately upon laurate application (b,f). Then, there was the opposite effect of therapy: decreased brain swelling immediately upon BPC 157 administration (C), decreased brain swelling in BPC 157-treated rats immediately before sacrifice (D), in contrast to further brain swelling immediately upon saline administration (g) and increased brain swelling in saline-treated rats immediately before sacrifice (h). A similar presentation was noted with both intragastric and intraperitoneal BPC 157 therapy.