. 2023 Oct 18;12(20):3609. doi: 10.3390/plants12203609

Table 2.

The effects of dietary seaweeds on growth performance, physiology, and immune response in farmed crustaceans.

Seaweed Specie	Used Compound	Test Organism	Trial Dose Days	Pathogen/ Stress	Results	Reference
Brown seaweed (Phaeophyta)
Cystoseira trinodis	Polysaccharide—fucoidan	Litopenaeus vannamei	0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4%—60 days	WSSV	FW, WG, SGR, expression rate of genes: proPO I, SOD, LYZ, and resistance against WSSV +; GPx and FCR −	[108]
Sargassum horneri	Hot water extract	L. vannamei	0, 2.5, 5.0, 10 g kg⁻¹—28 days	NA	PO, THC, phagocytic rate, WG, and expression rate of genes: ProPO I, ProPO II, peroxinectin, α2macroglobulin, clotting protein, LYZ, SOD, GPx, penaiedin2-4, crusting +	[109]
U. pinnatifida	This is a hot water extract that contains a significant amount of mannitol and fucoidan	Pleoticus muelleri	0, 3.0 g 100 g⁻¹—30 days	UVR stress	Resistance against UVR stress, concentrations of UV-absorbing compounds, and TAS +; carotenoid concentration −	[110]
Iyengaria stellata	Water extract	L. vannamei	0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 g kg⁻¹—56 days	Photobacterium damselae	WG, SGR, FE, PUFA, TAS, PO, CAT, SOD and GP_X activities, and resistance against P. damselae +	[99]
Padina tetrastromatica and Sargassum ilicifolium	Ethyl acetate, ethanol, and methanol extracts	Penaeus monodon	0, 2.5, and 5 g kg⁻¹—45 days	Vibrio parahaemolyticus	WG, SGR, SR, antibacterial activity, PO, SOD, resistance against V. parahaemolyticus +; minimal time required for hemolymph clotting −	[111]
S. cristaefolium	Wholemeal	L. vannamei	0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 40 g kg⁻¹—60 days	NA	FW, muscle total protein =; muscle cholesterol and triglyceride level, and Vibrio counts in the intestine −; THC +	[112]
Sargassum polycystum	Powdered seaweed flour	L. vannamei	0.5 g kg⁻¹—56 days	Cold stress	Body proximate composition: protein, ether extract, ash, carcass energy, FCR −; WG, ADG, SGR, SR, nonspecific immune responses, activation of the hepatic glandular duct system, hemocyte infiltration, and expression rate of genes: SOD, penaeidin4, HSP-70 +	[113]
Red seaweed (Rhodophyta)
Amphiroa fragilissima	Crude polysaccharides, encapsulated Artemia nauplii	L. vannamei	0, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.20 g L⁻¹—45 days	NA	WG, SGR, protease/amylase activities, and: protein, amino acid, free sugar, lipid, SOD, and CAT activities +	[114]
Asparagopsis armata	Ethanolic extract	L. vannamei	0, 1.5, 3.5, 7.5 g kg⁻¹—40 days	V. parahaemolyticus	WG, SR, TAS, antimicrobial activity, and resistance against V. parahaemolyticus +; FCR −	[102]
Gracilaria birdiae	Sulfated polysaccharide	L. vannamei	0, 0.3%—32 days	WSSV	Agglutinating capacity, PO, resistance against WSSV, and THC +	[100]
Gracilaria verrucosa	Ethyl acetate extracts (alkaloids, saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and glycosides)	L. vannamei	0—2.0 g per kg⁻¹—14 days	Vibrio harveyi	Inhibition the growth of V. harveyi, THC, PO activity, phagocytosis activity, respiratory burst activity, and resistance against V. harveyi +	[107]
Porphyra haitanensis	Wholemeal	L. vannamei	0, 2.0%—56 days	WSSV	FCR -; WG, SGR, digestibility, TAS, expression of immune genes, ProPO and SOD activities +	[105]
Jania adherens	Ethanolic extract	L. vannamei	0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g kg⁻¹—56 days	Photobacterium damselae	FCR −; SR =; WG, SGR, FE, PO, GPx, lipase, amylase, LYZ, respiratory burst activities, and resistance against P. damselae +	[99]
K. alvarezii	Fermented K. alvarezii powder	L. vannamei	0, 0.5, 1.5%—15 days	NA	FW, SGR, and SR +	[115]
Kappaphycus alvarezii	κ-carrageenan	P. monodon	0.0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 g kg⁻¹—30 days	Salinity stress	Attractability, FW, WG, SGR, FE, and immune-stimulating effects on salinity stress +; FCR −	[103]
Sarcodia suae	S. suae powder	L. vannamei	0, 2.5, 5, 7.5%—20 days	Vibrio alginolyticus	Anti-V. alginolyticus activity, phagocytic activity, THC, and expression of GPx +	[116]
Green seaweed (Chlorophyta)
Caulerpa lentillifera	Seaweed flour	P. monodon	0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g kg⁻¹—60 days	NA	WG, SGR, and FR+; FCR −; SR =	[117]
Caulerpa sp.	Caulerpa sp. flour	White leg shrimp	0, 2, 4 and 6 g kg⁻¹—30 days	NA	FW and FE +; FCR −	[118]
Enteromorpha	Polysaccharides	Fenneropenaeus merguiensis	0, 1, 2 and 3 g kg⁻¹—42 days	NA	FCR, relative abundance of Vibrio spp., and malondialdehyde content −; expression of immune genes, relative abundance of Firmicutes, FW, WG, SGR, TAS, GPx, S-transferase, SOD, LYZ, and PO activities +	[119]
U. lactuca	Water extract	L. vannamei	0, 5, 10 15%—28 days	NA	FW, WG, SGR, FE, chymotrypsin, lipase, and amylase enzyme activity +	[120]
U. lactuca	U. lactuca powder	L. vannamei	0, 4 g 100 g⁻¹—36 days	NA	SGR, ADG, and relative abundance of: Agarivorans, Sphingomonas, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Peredibacter, Bdellovibrios +; relative abundance of: V. alginolyticus and Photobacterium sp. −	[121]
Ulva clathrata and U. lactuca	Wholemeal	L. vannamei	100%—28 days	NA	Relative abundance of Rubritalea, Lysinibacillus, Acinetobacter, Blastopirellula and Litoreibacter spp. +; FW, SR =; relative abundance of Vibrio −	[122]
Ulva intestinalis	Hot water crude extract	L. vannamei	0, 1, 5, and 10 g kg⁻¹—28 days	WSSV and YHV	WG, ADG, SGR, villus height, phagocytic activity, resistance against YHV, and expression of immune genes +; resistance against WSSV =	[123]
Ulva prolifera	Polysaccharides and filtered residue	L. vannamei	0, 0.78, 1.33, 31.7 g kg⁻¹—21 days	V. parahaemolyticus	FCR −; FW, LYZ, PO, resistance against V. parahaemolyticus, and immune protective rate +	[124]
Combined seaweed
Sargassum filipendula and U. pinnatifida	Combined seaweed dry biomass	L. vannamei	0, 15, 25, 45 g kg⁻¹—15 and 21 days	Thermal shock/WSSV	Resistance against WSSV, hemocyte infiltration, and positive changes in shrimp gut microbiome +	[125]
S. filipendula and U. pinnatifida	Combined seaweed dry biomass	L. vannamei	0, 25, 30, 45, 50 g kg⁻¹—15 and 49 days	Thermal shock/Vibrio spp.	Resistance against Vibrio spp. and against thermal shock FW, and heterotrophic bacteria count in organisms +	[126]
U. lactuca and Jania rubens	Combined seaweed powder	Procambarus clarkii	0, 10, 15%—56 days	NA	Frequency of molting and FW+; FCR −; SR =	[127]
U. pinnatifida and S. filipendula	Combined seaweed dry biomass	L. vannamei	0, 3 and 5%—35 days	Thermal stress/WSSV	Gut bacterial diversity, THC, and resistance against thermal stress +; abundance of Vibrionaceae spp. −; SR, FCR, and FW =	[101]
U. lactuca, Eisenia sp., and Porphyra sp.	Mix in equal parts of extracts	L. vannamei	0.30 g kg⁻¹—28 days	WSSV	Resistance against WSSV (genes related to WSSV resistance) +	[128]

ADG: Average daily gain, FCR: feed conversion ratio, FE: feed efficiency, FW: organism final weight, GPx: glutathione peroxidase, HSP: heat shock protein, LYZ: lysozyme, NA: not applicable, PO: phenoloxidase, ProPO: prophenoloxidase, SGR: specific growth rate, SOD: superoxide dismutase, SR: survival rate, TAS: total antioxidant, THC: total hemocytes count, WG: weight gain, WSSV: white spot syndrome virus, YHV: yellowhead virus, +: positive change, −: negative change, =: no change.