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. 2023 Sep 27;16(10):1364. doi: 10.3390/ph16101364

Table 3.

Plasma glucose and insulin levels during the OGTT and related factors before and after treatment with placebo or AH.

Placebo (n = 30) AH (n = 28) p-Value (2)
Time Baseline 12 Weeks Change Value p-Value (1) Baseline 12 Weeks Change Value p-Value (1)
FPG (mg/dL) 0 min 108.87 ± 19.46 105.53 ± 19.18 −3.33 ± 13.51 0.187 99.25 ± 11.85 99.71 ± 15.98 0.46 ± 8.32 0.770 0.201
PPG (mg/dL) 30 min 179.03 ± 31.58 176.60 ± 28.12 −2.43 ± 24.83 0.596 176.79 ± 28.64 171.04 ± 36.45 −5.75 ± 29.82 0.317 0.646
60 min 192.63 ± 45.95 201.03 ± 42.06 8.40 ± 23.91 0.064 194.04 ± 50.50 187.89 ± 50.50 −6.14 ± 33.60 0.342 0.061
90 min 178.43 ± 50.49 184.10 ± 50.51 5.67 ± 21.09 0.152 183.29 ± 50.10 181.71 ± 57.71 −1.57 ± 31.04 0.791 0.308
120 min 162.23 ± 46.30 157.73 ± 48.43 −4.50 ± 26.05 0.352 162.04 ± 38.93 165.18 ± 48.88 3.14 ± 28.71 0.567 0.292
FPI (μU/mL) 0 min 11.02 ± 10.25 9.71 ± 4.38 −1.31 ± 10.43 0.498 11.54 ± 7.68 11.46 ± 10.29 −0.08 ± 8.91 0.961 0.634
PPI (μU/mL) 30 min 64.44 ± 42.20 54.30 ± 30.00 −10.15 ± 37.46 0.149 74.73 ± 48.26 58.88 ± 39.65 −15.85 ± 24.46 0.002 0.493
60 min 77.26 ± 48.71 81.99 ± 35.57 4.73 ± 38.72 0.509 88.17 ± 58.47 77.49 ± 52.70 −10.68 ± 38.71 0.156 0.136
90 min 76.38 ± 46.71 90.44 ± 51.81 14.06 ± 42.61 0.081 97.06 ± 61.78 80.37 ± 52.95 −16.69 ± 52.42 0.104 0.017 *
120 min 75.00 ± 40.57 73.52 ± 50.60 −1.47 ± 30.89 0.796 90.33 ± 52.31 81.06 ± 59.53 −9.26 ± 67.63 0.475 0.580
Glucose AUC (mg*min/dL) 0–30 min 1052.50 ± 370.45 1066.00 ± 365.50 13.50 ± 336.85 0.828 1163.04 ± 332.53 1069.82 ± 398.69 −93.21 ± 395.48 0.223 0.272
0–60 min 3377.00 ± 1214.66 3564.50 ± 1188.71 187.50 ± 788.60 0.203 3747.86 ± 1212.95 3462.32 ± 1232.07 −285.54 ± 1122.76 0.190 0.067
0–90 min 5664.21 ± 2436.36 6175.98 ± 2429.92 511.77 ± 1309.93 0.041 6430.18 ± 2387.04 6017.66 ± 2357.01 −412.52 ± 1636.33 0.193 0.021 *
0–120 min 7527.82 ± 3627.51 8141.49 ± 3762.74 613.67 ± 1975.17 0.100 8632.50 ± 3328.94 8236.59 ± 3416.24 −395.91 ± 1944.70 0.291 0.055
Insulin AUC
(μU*min/mL)		 0–30 min 801.35 ± 593.31 668.75 ± 439.79 −132.60 ± 508.26 0.164 947.84 ± 659.49 711.27 ± 545.49 −236.57 ± 339.60 0.001 0.361
0–60 min 2596.25 ± 1484.61 2421.65 ± 1173.01 −174.60 ± 1137.57 0.407 3045.11 ± 1948.64 2413.02 ± 1697.61 −632.09 ± 953.97 0.002 0.104
0–90 min 4570.23 ± 2361.96 4716.65 ± 2052.23 146.42 ± 1761.40 0.652 5477.25 ± 3396.11 4498.48 ± 3042.77 −978.77 ± 1858.27 0.010 0.021 *
0–120 min 6510.34 ± 3145.84 6884.65 ± 3045.46 374.31 ± 2375.69 0.395 7941.70 ± 4582.33 6515.28 ± 4023.42 −1426.41 ± 3049.73 0.020 0.015 *
Glucose Cmax (mg/dL) 204.73 ± 42.37 210.30 ± 41.81 5.57 ± 20.25 0.143 205.21 ± 43.24 200.75 ± 51.16 −4.46 ± 28.89 0.421 0.129
Tmax (min) 63.00 ± 27.69 61.00 ± 24.26 −2.00 ± 27.22 0.690 70.71 ± 30.78 65.36 ± 27.15 −5.36 ± 32.71 0.394 0.672
Insulin Cmax (μU/mL) 105.13 ± 52.92 110.67 ± 55.97 5.55 ± 53.34 0.573 116.68 ± 60.81 102.48 ± 58.33 −14.21 ± 33.35 0.033 0.095
Tmax (min) 83.00 ± 32.18 85.00 ± 25.02 2.00 ± 19.19 0.573 87.86 ± 28.20 85.71 ± 32.37 −2.14 ± 31.55 0.722 0.552
HOMA-IR 3.09 ± 3.33 2.58 ± 1.39 −0.50 ± 3.41 0.426 2.89 ± 2.01 3.00 ± 3.23 0.11 ± 2.64 0.826 0.449
HOMA-β 86.87 ± 56.07 87.47 ± 39.32 0.60 ± 55.66 0.953 122.36 ± 109.38 117.00 ± 85.59 −5.36 ± 78.40 0.721 0.739
QUICKI 0.34 ± 0.03 0.34 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.03 0.662 0.34 ± 0.03 0.34 ± 0.04 0.00 ± 0.03 0.489 0.839
AIR 0.85 ± 0.70 0.71 ± 0.50 −0.14 ± 0.52 0.150 0.82 ± 0.49 0.70 ± 0.44 −0.11 ± 0.34 0.083 0.823
HbA1c (%) 5.80 ± 0.32 5.82 ± 0.33 0.02 ± 0.18 0.616 5.78 ± 0.35 5.90 ± 0.45 0.11 ± 0.24 0.017 0.083
C-peptide (ng/mL) 2.21 ± 1.02 2.06 ± 0.76 −0.15 ± 0.99 0.414 2.26 ± 0.88 2.15 ± 1.07 −0.11 ± 0.77 0.471 0.856
Adiponectin (ng/mL) 6869.62 ± 3340.48 7005.53 ± 3245.06 135.92 ± 1362.84 0.589 7107.41 ± 4998.33 7104.39 ± 4674.17 −3.02 ± 871.81 0.986 0.644

Values are presented as the mean ± SD. (1) Analyzed by paired t-test between baseline and 12 weeks within each group. (2) Analyzed by independent t-test for change value between the groups. FPG, fasting plasma glucose; PPG, postprandial plasma glucose; FPI, fasting plasma insulin; PPI, postprandial plasma insulin; AUC, area under the curve; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β cell function; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; AIR, acute insulin response. * AH group is significantly different from the placebo group at p < 0.05 by t-test.