Table 2.
Case–control participant characteristics.
| Cases 1 | Controls 1 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 24 | n = 99 | ||
| Age (year) | 31.5 ± 4.0 | 32.6 ± 5.2 | 0.370 |
| Height (cm) | 157.8 ± 5.4 | 158.7 ± 5.1 | 0.440 |
| BMI (pre-pregnancy) | 21.6 ± 4.2 | 21.3 ± 3.2 | 0.703 |
| BMI (post-pregnancy) | 25.5 ± 3.4 | 25.4 ± 3.0 | 0.837 |
| Gestational weeks | 38.8 ± 1.3 | 39.3 ± 1.2 | 0.069 |
| Smoking status | 0.187 | ||
| Never smoker | 18 | 61 | |
| Stopped before pregnancy | 2 | 24 | |
| Stopped upon pregnancy | 3 | 10 | |
| Current smoker | 1 | 1 | |
| Alcohol intake | 0.563 | ||
| Never drinker | 2 | 5 | |
| Stopped before pregnancy | 7 | 38 | |
| Stopped upon pregnancy | 15 | 53 | |
| Current drinker | 0 | 0 | |
| Taking supplement 2 | |||
| yes/no | 17/7 | 62/35 | 0.635 |
| omega-3 supplement | 0 | 1 |
1 Mean ± SD; p-value: t-test for continuous variables and Fisher’s Exact test for categorical variables; Cases were an EPDS score ≥ 9, and controls were an EPDS score < 9. 2 More than 95% of the supplements were folic acid and/or iron.