NPs	nanoparticles
EPR	enhanced permeability and retention effect
PEG	polyethylene glycol
TME	tumor microenvironment
OMVs	outer membrane vesicles
DMVs	bilayer membrane vesicles
BMVs	bacterial membrane vesicles
BGs	bacterial ghosts
BSPs	bacterial spores
E. coli	Escherichia coli
EcN	E. coli Nissle 1917
S. boulardii	Saccharomyces boulardii
L. reuteri	Lactobacillus reuteri
L. casei	Lactobacillus casei
L. rhamnosus	Lactobacillus rhamnosus
L. m	Listeria monocytogenes
LA	Lactobacillus acidophilus
B. infantis	Bifidobacterium infantis
B. breve	Bifidobacterium breve
BB	Bifidobacterium bifidum
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
IL-6	interleukin-6
IL-β	interleukin-β
EOMVs	explosive outer membrane vesicles
OIMVs	outer inner membrane vesicles
CMVs	cytoplasmic membrane vesicles
PAMPs	pathogen-associated molecular patterns
DC	dendritic
αPD-1	Anti-programmed death-1
PD-1	programmed death-1
PTT	photothermal therapy
ClyA	cytolysin
RBC	red blood cell
TLR4	toll-like receptor 4
MDR	multidrug resistance
DOX	doxorubicin
RGD	Arg-Gly-Asp
COVID-19	coronavirus disease-19
PDA	polydopamine
OVA	ovalbumin antigen
HSA	human serum albumin
LDH	layered-double-hydroxide
NIR	near-infrared
PLGA	Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
5-FU	5-fluorouracil
BBB	blood–brain barrier
BCG	Bacillus Calmette-Guerin