Table 1.
A compilation of animal studies that have conducted safety monitoring on phage therapy against MDR bacteria.
| Studies | Phage/s | Against | Phage Distribution | Normal Imaging/Lab Assessment | Presence of Abnormal (Increase or Decrease) of | Phage-Related Adverse Events (Cytotoxicity or Physiological Effects) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phage/s (Administration Route) | Endotoxin within Acceptable Range | Cell Infiltration/Cytokine Production | Antibodies Production | |||||
| Dufour et al., 2019 [83] Mice |
E. coli phages LM33_P1 and 536_P1 (Intranasal) | Yes, 0.072 and 0.003 EU/mL, respectively | Pathogenic E. coli | Yes | Not significant | |||
| Fong et al., 2019 [6] Sheep |
P. aeruginosa phage cocktail (Local) | Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) P. aeruginosa strain | Detected in feces on Day 7 of treatment Detected in blood samples of certain sheep on Day 1 and Day 7 of treatment Detected in organ samples after 16–18 h of treatment |
Yes | No significant adverse effects such as loss of appetite, fever, or other signs of systemic illness | |||
| Drilling et al., 2017 [112] Sheep |
NOV012 cocktail (Local) | CRS S. aureus | Not detected in blood during 20 days of treatment | None | No adverse effects | |||
| Yin et al., 2017 [8] Mice |
Abp1 phage (Intraperitoneal) | Only mentioned that the endotoxin is removed using a kit | MDR A. baumannii | Detected in liver and kidney 7 days after infection | No cytotoxic effect | |||
Gray columns indicate that the respective aspects were not reported in the study. CRS: Chronic rhinosinusitis; MDR: Multidrug resistant.