Table 2.
Comparison of changes in clinical outcomes (baselineweek 16).
| All Participants | Pre-COVID Participants Only | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Group | p-Values | Group | p-Values | ||||||
| Food Order (N = 18) |
Control (N = 21) |
Food Order (N = 12) | Control (N = 12) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) or Freq. (%) | Mean (SD) or Freq. (%) | Food Order vs. Control | Within Food Order | Within Control | Mean (SD) or Freq. (%) | Mean (SD) or Freq. (%) | Food Order vs. Control | Within Food Order | Within Control | |
| Weight (lbs.) | −3.6 (5.7) | −2.6 (6.8) | 0.625 | 0.017 | 0.102 | −5.9 (5.3) | −1.0 (6.8) | 0.065 | 0.003 | 0.608 |
| Weight (%) | −1.8 (2.8) | −1.6 (3.5) | 0.839 | 0.012 | 0.048 | −3.0 (2.5) | −0.9 (3.4) | 0.097 | 0.001 | 0.366 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 6.1 (28.0) a | −1.7 (24.2) | 0.364 | 0.382 | 0.756 | 2.3 (29.4) a | −0.4 (22.0) | 0.805 | 0.803 | 0.949 |
| Total Cholesterol (%) | 5.0 (16.9) a | 0.8 (14.2) | 0.410 | 0.237 | 0.790 | 3.7 (18.3) a | 1.0 (14.6) | 0.691 | 0.513 | 0.822 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 2.9 (13.5) | 1.6 (7.2) | 0.713 | 0.375 | 0.327 | 5.6 (14.3) | 2.0 (6.8) | 0.446 | 0.205 | 0.331 |
| HDL (%) | 9.6 (29.6) | 4.6 (16.5) | 0.532 | 0.186 | 0.211 | 16.4 (31.1) | 7.1 (16.3) | 0.369 | 0.095 | 0.160 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 1.1 (25.7) b | −0.5 (15.9) c | 0.823 | 0.863 | 0.898 | −8.3 (23.9) b | −3.7 (17.2) | 0.603 | 0.301 | 0.475 |
| LDL (%) | 3.0 (23.8) b | 1.8 (16.6) c | 0.867 | 0.623 | 0.638 | −3.8 (24.5) b | −2.2 (16.9) | 0.864 | 0.639 | 0.658 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −4.9 (41.2) b | −2.3 (28.5) c | 0.823 | 0.639 | 0.734 | −5.5 (18.7) b | 5.6 (24.8) | 0.258 | 0.376 | 0.452 |
| Triglycerides (%) | −1.0 (31.2) b | 0.3 (28.0) c | 0.894 | 0.896 | 0.963 | −5.7 (22.5) b | 8.4 (27.2) | 0.205 | 0.442 | 0.308 |
| HbA1c | −0.1 (0.2) | −0.03 (0.3) | 0.364 | 0.054 | 0.605 | −0.1 (0.2) | 0.03 (0.3) | 0.176 | 0.091 | 0.720 |
| HbA1c (%) | −1.8 (3.8) | −0.5 (4.9) | 0.363 | 0.056 | 0.627 | −2.1 (3.9) | 0.6 (5.3) | 0.177 | 0.091 | 0.722 |
| 2−Hour Glucose (mg/dL) | 2.5 (27.5) d | 1.3 (31.7) | 0.911 | 0.739 | 0.849 | −0.7 (25.0) a | 3.9 (39.9) | 0.744 | 0.925 | 0.740 |
| 2−Hour Glucose (%) | 4.0 (22.7) d | 0.9 (20.8) | 0.681 | 0.522 | 0.844 | 1.5 (20.2) a | 2.8 (25.3) | 0.891 | 0.814 | 0.709 |
| Glucose AUC 0-120 (mg/dL) | −1073.4 (4236.0) b | −200.7 (2819.5) | 0.457 | 0.327 | 0.748 | −178.6 (2429.7) a | 120.0 (3205.8) | 0.805 | 0.812 | 0.899 |
| Glucose AUC (%) | −5.9 (25.5) b | −1.4 (14.8) | 0.535 | 0.367 | 0.661 | −0.3 (15.4) a | 0.2 (16.4) | 0.940 | 0.942 | 0.974 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.3 (1.4) b | 0.5 (2.4) | 0.746 | 0.396 | 0.341 | 0.1 (1.0) a | 1.2 (2.2) | 0.119 | 0.804 | 0.080 |
| HOMA-IR (%) | 18.2 (58.9) b | 26.0 (60.6) | 0.695 | 0.237 | 0.063 | 10.7 (27.6) a | 43.4 (61.6) | 0.117 | 0.226 | 0.033 |
| Matsuda Index | −0.2 (1.2) d | −0.2 (1.0) e | 0.975 | 0.531 | 0.312 | −0.03 (0.9) a | −0.4 (1.0) | 0.384 | 0.906 | 0.213 |
| Matsuda Index (%) | 2.3 (32.4) d | −4.1 (25.8) e | 0.523 | 0.792 | 0.484 | 5.9 (28.4) a | −9.4 (22.7) | 0.169 | 0.510 | 0.181 |
| Insulinogenic Index | 0.2 (1.1) d | 0.2 (0.7) e | 0.985 | 0.424 | 0.136 | 0.4 (1.0) a | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.744 | 0.242 | 0.140 |
| Insulinogenic Index (%) | 49.5 (106.0) d | −1.0 (135.0) e | 0.251 | 0.104 | 0.974 | 37.8 (82.3) a | 20.8 (50.4) | 0.552 | 0.159 | 0.181 |
| Disposition Index | 0.9 (3.0) d | 0.7 (2.5) e | 0.825 | 0.277 | 0.227 | 1.1 (3.3) a | 0.4 (1.8) | 0.567 | 0.316 | 0.455 |
| Disposition Index (%) | 38.4 (75.6) d | −3.9 (142.7) e | 0.272 | 0.080 | 0.905 | 44.4 (81.6) a | 12.5 (60.1) | 0.295 | 0.101 | 0.486 |
| Godin Score | −2.7 (15.6) | −1.0 (19.1) c | 0.766 | 0.469 | 0.822 | −3.8 (16.8) | 3.3 (22.3) | 0.386 | 0.445 | 0.620 |
| Godin Score (%) | 25.8 (98.2) | 11.8 (110.8) a | 0.695 | 0.280 | 0.666 | 34.6 (118.7) | 37.5 (128.1) a | 0.956 | 0.334 | 0.355 |
a N = 17; b N = 16; c N = 19; d N = 14; e N = 20.