Table 1.
A variety of aspects of 3D printing technology, polymers, and their composite, along with their respective advantages.
| Method | Year | Polymer | Powder | Benefits | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FDM | 2022 | Polylactic acid (PLA) | Graphene oxide (GO) | Improved mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of nanocomposites | [264] |
| FDM | 2021 | Nylon, polycarbonate, and PEEK | Glass, carbon, and aramid fibers | Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of composites, improved printability and surface quality, and cost-effectiveness | [265] |
| Fused filament fabrication (FFF) | 2020 | Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) | Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) | Improved mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of composites, enhanced printability, and reduction in defects and porosity | [266] |
| FDM | 2019 | Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene | Carbon fiber | Improved mechanical properties of composites, enhanced printability, and reduction in defects and porosity | [267] |
| FDM | 2018 | Polycarbonate (PC), polyamide | Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) | Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of composites, improved printability and surface quality, and cost-effectiveness | [268] |
| FDM | 2017 | Nylon, polycarbonate, and ABS | Carbon, glass, and aramid fibers | Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of composites, improved printability and surface quality, and cost-effectiveness | [269] |
| FDM | 2021 | ABS, nylon, and polycarbonate | Carbon, glass, and aramid fibers | Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of composites, improved printability and surface quality, and cost-effectiveness | [270] |
| FDM | 2023 | Polylactic acid (PLA), ABS | Nanoclays and carbon nanotubes | Improved mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of nanocomposites, enhanced printability, and reduction in defects and porosity | [271] |
| Inkjet printing | 2017 | Hydrogels | Customizable shapes, high biocompatibility and cell viability, and the ability to print living tissues and organs | [272] | |
| SLS | 2010 | Polycaprolactone (PCL) | Hydroxyapatite (HA) | Improved biocompatibility and mechanical properties for tissue engineering applications | [273] |
| SLA | 2022 | Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) | Copper nanoparticles | Enhanced antibacterial properties for biomedical applications | [274] |
| SLA | 2022 | GelMA/PCL-MA hybrid resins | Enhanced wound healing and antibacterial properties for tissue engineering applications | [275] | |
| SLS | 2020 | Polycaprolactone (PCL) | Improved biocompatibility and mechanical properties for tissue engineering applications | [276] | |
| SLA | 2020 | PMMA | TiO2 nanoparticles |
Enhanced antibacterial properties for biomedical applications | [277] |
| DIW | 2022 | Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) | Silver nanoparticles | Musculoskeletal tissue regeneration | [278] |
| DIW | 2021 | GelMA | CeO2/N-halamine hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) | Enhanced wound healing and antibacterial properties | [279] |
| 3D bioprinter | 2023 | Hydrogel | Sodium alginate (SA) | Antibacterial activity and biocompatibility | [280] |
| SLS | 2022 | Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) | Biocompatible, high temperature resistance, and excellent mechanical properties | [281] | |
| SLS | 2015 | Polycaprolactone (PCL) | Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of composites, improved printability and surface quality, and cost-effectiveness | [282] | |
| FDM | 2018 | Poly lactic acid (PLA) | Biodegradable, low-cost, and ease of processing | [283] | |
| FDM | 2014 | Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) | High strength, durability, and ease of processing | [284] |