Table 4.
(A): Univariable and multivariable analysis of predictors of MACV receipt among children aged 18–35 months in Greater Accra Region (GAR), Northern Region (NR), and Volta Region (VR), Ghana, 2020. (B): Univariable and multivariable analysis of predictors of MCV2 receipt among children aged 18–35 months in Greater Accra Region (GAR), Northern Region (NR), and Volta Region (VR), Ghana, 2020.
| A | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GAR (N = 370) | NR (N = 870) | VR (N = 315) | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Child’s age (months) | ||||||||||||
| 18–23 | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| 24–35 | 2.2 | (1.4–3.4) *** | 4.0 | (2.2–7.0) *** | 2.4 | (1.9–3.2) *** | 3.0 | (2.2–4.2) *** | 6.6 | (3.0–14.3) *** | 7.2 | (3.3–15.7) *** |
| Child’s sex | ||||||||||||
| Female | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| Male | 0.9 | (0.5–1.6) | REF7 | (0.5–1.9) | 0.7 | (0.5–0.9) | 0.7 | (0.5–1.0) | 1.8 | (0.8–3.9) | 1.6 | (0.6–3.9) |
| Birth order | ||||||||||||
| First | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| Second | 0.8 | (0.3–1.6) | 0.7 | (0.2–2.0) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.2) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.4) | 0.9 | (0.3–2.8) | 1.2 | (0.4–3.4) |
| Third or more | 0.7 | (0.4–1.3) | 0.5 | (0.2–1.2) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.2) | 0.5 | (0.3–1.0) | 0.5 | (0.2–0.8) ** | 0.3 | (0.2–0.7) ** |
| Maternal education | ||||||||||||
| Never attended school | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| Primary | 0.6 | (0.2–2.1) | 1.0 | (0.3–3.6) | 0.5 | (0.2–0.9) | 0.5 | (0.2–1.1) | 1.1 | (0.4–2.7) | 2.0 | (0.6–6.5) |
| Secondary or higher | 0.8 | (0.3–1.9) | 1.1 | (0.5–2.4) | 0.9 | (0.6–1.2) | 0.9 | (0.6–1.4) | 1.3 | (0.6–2.4) | 1.4 | (0.5–4.0) |
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||||||||
| <25 | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| 25–34 | 1.7 | (0.7–3.8) | 1.8 | (0.7–4.3) | 2.1 | (1.2–3.3) ** | 2.2 | (1.4–3.4) | 0.8 | (0.3–1.8) | 1.0 | (0.4–2.3) |
| ≥35 | 1.4 | (0.6–3.0) | 2.7 | (1.1–6.4) * | 1.6 | (1.1–2.2) * | 1.8 | (1.2–2.7) ** | 0.7 | (0.3–1.5) | 1.1 | (0.4–2.9) |
| Maternal religion | ||||||||||||
| Other | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| Christian | 1.2 | (0.6–2.5) | 1.0 | (0.4–2.8) | 2.2 | (1.3–3.7) ** | 1.9 | (1.1–3.5) * | 1.3 | (0.6–3.0) | 0.8 | (0.2–2.8) |
| Settlement type | ||||||||||||
| Urban | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| Rural | 1.7 | (0.9–3.2) | 2.7 | (1.2–5.9) ** | 1.8 | (1.1–2.8) | 1.9 | (1.2–3.0) *** | 1.0 | (0.4–2.4) | 1.0 | (0.4–2.6) |
| Fully immunized child by 12 mos. of age | ||||||||||||
| No | REF | REF | REF | REF | — | — | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 2.0 | (1.1–4.0) * | 3.1 | (1.4–7.1) ** | 2.1 | (1.6–2.8) *** | 2.4 | (1.7–3.4) *** | — | — | — | — |
| Caregiver knows MACV dose should be given during 2YL | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | REF | — | — | ||
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 1.7 | (1.1–2.5) * | — | — | 1.8 | (0.8–3.9) | — | — |
| Caregiver aware of need for 18 mos. visit before 2nd birthday | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 2.0 | (1.4–2.8) *** | 1.9 | (1.3–2.6) *** | 2.8 | (1.6–4.6) *** | 2.8 | (1.7–4.5) *** |
| Child attends school/daycare offering routine immunization | ||||||||||||
| No | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yes | 2.2 | (1.4–3.4) ** | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Caregiver believes 2YL vaccine is important for their child | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | REF | — | — | — | — | ||
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 2.2 | (1.1–4.2) * | 1.9 | (1.1–3.3) * | — | — | — | — |
| Caregiver believes it is important for child to get missing doses | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 2.0 | (1.0–3.9) * | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Caregiver agrees that 2YL vaccination is supported by spouse | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 2.5 | (0.9–6.8) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Caregiver believes that 2YL vaccination supported by other family members | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 2.6 | (1.1–5.7) * | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Most people caregiver knows bring child in for 2YL vaccination | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 1.3 | (0.8–2.2) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Caregiver believes healthcare provider provides enough information on 2YL vaccination | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 1.4 | (0.8–2.3) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Maternal occupation | ||||||||||||
| Unemployed/Housewife | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Farmer/Laborer/Fisherwoman | — | — | — | — | 0.9 | (0.5–1.6) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Civil servant | — | — | — | — | 0.7 | (0.2–2.5) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Other occupation | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | (0.3–1.1) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Trader/Merchant | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | (0.2–1.1) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Caregiver received phone reminder for 18 mos. visit | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 1.4 | (0.8–2.6) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| B | ||||||||||||
| GAR (N = 370) | NR (N = 870) | VR (N = 315) | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Child’s age (months) | ||||||||||||
| 18–23 | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| 24–35 | 1.6 | (1.0–2.4) * | 3.2 | (1.7–6.2) *** | 2.2 | (1.6–3.0) *** | 2.9 | (2.1–4.1) *** | 4.6 | (2.1–9.9) *** | 4.6 | (2.1–10.5) *** |
| Child’s sex | ||||||||||||
| Female | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| Male | 0.8 | (0.4–1.3) | 0.9 | (0.5–1.9) | 0.6 | (0.4–0.9) * | 0.7 | (0.4–1.1) | 1.2 | (0.5–3.0) | 1.2 | (0.5–2.7) |
| Birth order | ||||||||||||
| First | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| Second | 0.7 | (0.3–1.4) | 0.6 | (0.2–2.0) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.4) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.4) | 1.4 | (0.5–4.2) | 1.5 | (0.4–4.7) |
| Third or more | 0.6 | (0.3–1.1) | 0.3 | (0.1–0.8) * | 0.9 | (0.6–1.4) | 0.6 | (0.3–1.1) | 0.5 | (0.3–0.9) * | 0.4 | (0.2–0.8) ** |
| Maternal education | ||||||||||||
| Never attended school | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| Primary | 0.8 | (0.2–2.5) | 1.4 | (0.4–4.9) | 0.5 | (0.2–1.2) | 0.7 | (0.3–1.9) | 0.9 | (0.2–2.9) | 1.2 | (0.4–3.8) |
| Secondary or higher | 1.2 | (0.5–2.8) | 1.9 | (0.8–4.2) | 0.7 | (0.4–1.2) | 1.0 | (0.6–1.6) | 1.3 | (0.6–3.0) | 1.3 | (0.5–3.4) |
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||||||||
| <25 | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| 25–34 | 1.6 | (0.6–3.9) | 1.8 | (0.4–8.2) | 2.0 | (1.2–3.2) ** | 2.1 | (1.3–3.4) ** | 0.8 | (0.3–1.7 | 1.0 | (0.4–2.1) |
| ≥35 | 1.0 | (0.5–2.0) | 2.2 | (0.7–7.2) | 1.9 | (1.2–2.7) ** | 2.2 | (1.4–3.3) *** | 0.7 | (0.2–2.2) | 1.1 | (0.4–2.8) |
| Maternal religion | ||||||||||||
| Other | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| Christian | 1.2 | (0.6–2.2) | 1.1 | (0.4–2.4) | 2.2 | (1.1–4.2) * | 1.9 | (0.9–3.7) | 1.6 | (0.7–3.5) | 1.1 | (0.4–2.6) |
| Settlement type | ||||||||||||
| Urban | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||||
| Rural | 1.3 | (0.7–2.2) | 1.8 | (0.8–4.0) | 2.2 | (1.3–3.7) ** | 2.6 | (1.5–4.3) *** | 1.5 | (0.6–3.8) | 1.7 | (0.6–4.4) |
| Fully immunized child by 12 mos. of age | ||||||||||||
| No | REF | REF | REF | REF | — | — | — | |||||
| Yes | 2.7 | (1.4–5.5) ** | 3.8 | (1.6–8.5) ** | 2.4 | (1.7–3.3) *** | 2.9 | (1.9–4.3) *** | — | — | — | |
| Caregiver knows MCV dose should be given during 2YL | ||||||||||||
| No | REF | REF | REF | — | — | — | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 1.8 | (1.1–2.9) * | 2.4 | (1.2–4.9) * | 1.7 | (1.1–2.5) ** | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Caregiver aware of need for 18 mos. visit before 2nd birthday | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 1.8 | (1.2–2.7) *** | 1.7 | (1.1–2.5) ** | 3.1 | (1.9–5.3) *** | 2.7 | (1.7–4.3) *** |
| Child attends school/daycare offering routine immunization | ||||||||||||
| No | REF | — | — | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Yes | 1.8 | (1.1–2.9) *** | — | — | 2.6 | (0.7–9.1) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Caregiver believes 2YL vaccine is important for their child | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | REF | — | — | — | — | ||
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 2.8 | (1.3–5.9) ** | 2.8 | (1.4–5.6) ** | — | — | — | — |
| Caregiver believes it is important for child to get missing doses | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 2.7 | (1.4–5.3) ** | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Caregiver agrees that 2YL vaccination is supported by spouse | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 3.6 | (1.3–9.6) * | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Caregiver believes that 2YL vaccination supported by other family members | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | REF | — | — | ||
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 2.9 | (1.2–6.9) * | — | — | 0.3 | (0.0–1.5) | — | — |
| Most people caregiver knows bring child in for 2YL vaccination | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 1.8 | (1.1–3.0) * | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Caregiver believes healthcare provider provides enough information on 2YL vaccination | ||||||||||||
| No | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 1.8 | (1.1–2.9) * | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Paternal education | ||||||||||||
| Never attended school | — | — | — | — | REF | — | — | REF | — | — | ||
| Primary | — | — | — | — | 0.8 | (0.3–2.1) | — | — | 1.8 | (0.4–7.4) | — | — |
| Secondary or higher | — | — | — | — | 0.7 | (0.4–1.2) | — | — | 1.8 | (0.8–4.1) | — | — |
* p-value < 0.05; ** p-value < 0.01; *** p-value < 0.001.