Table 3.
Improving the mucosal immune response involves adjuvant strategies that are different from those used by systemic vaccines.
| Class | Molecule/Mechanism | Immune Cell Target | Patents |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterial Toxins | Double-mutant Labile Toxin | Dendritic cell, Macrophages, M cells | US6033673A |
| Cholera Toxin | Dendritic cell, CD4+ T cells | WO2001062283A2 | |
| Cholera Toxin A1-dimer D-domain (S. aureus) | Dendritic cell, Macrophages, CD4+ T cells | US8834898B2 | |
| α-Galactosylceramide | CD1 binding | Dendritic cell, CD8+ T cells | WO2007007946A1 |
| TLR ligands | MPL—TLR4 | Dendritic cell, Macrophages | US20170182152A1 |
| CpG—TLR9 | B cells, Plasma cells | US6589940B1 | |
| Flagellin—TLR5 | Dendritic cell, Macrophages | US7404963B2 | |
| Cytokines | IL-1, IL-12, IL-18, GM-CSF, RANTES | CD8+ T cells, B cells—IgA, Monocytes, Natural Killer cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells | US6168923B1 |
| US5800810A | |||
| EP1075275A1 | |||
| US5679356A | |||
| Chitosan | Mucoadhesive, improves antigen uptake | Dendritic cell, Macrophages, Natural Killer cells | CN107648603B |