Table 2.
Results from individual sources of evidence—equipment.
| Study | Comparator | Smartphone | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equipment | Markers | SF | App/Phone (OS) | SF | Location | |
| Di Bacco et al. (2023) [17] | Motion capture (7 camera Vicon) | Heel of right shoe. | 100 | - Google (Android) |
100 | Front right pocket |
| Delsys footswitch sensor | Right heel | 296 | ||||
| Olson et al. (2023) [18] | Motion capture (12 camera Qualisys) | Marker in centre of phone screen, plus posterior calcaneus and head of the fifth metatarsal bilaterally |
Gait&Balance iPhone (iOS) |
L5/S1 | ||
| Grouios et al. (2022) [19] | Motion capture (10 camera Vicon) | 16 markers, lower body. | 15 | Accelerometer iPhone (iOS) Accelerometer Acceleration Log Samsung/Huawei (Android) |
15 | Lumbar spine |
| Christensen et al. (2022) [20] | Motion capture (10 camera Vicon) | 53 markers. | 200 | OneStep iPhone (iOS) |
100 | 2 phones, anterior thigh. |
| Kelly et al. (2022) [21] | Tekscan Strideway pressure sensitive walkway | 30 | Gait Analyzer LGK40 (Android) |
95–105 | L5 | |
| Shema-Shiratzky et al. (2022) [22] | Protokinetics Zeno pressure sensitive walkway | OneStep Samsung (Android) |
100 | Upper left and right thigh. | ||
| Rashid et al. (2021) [23] | Motion capture (7 camera Vicon) | One marker on the centre of the smartphone, and two were placed on each foot, at the posterior calcaneus and lateral fifth metatarsal. |
200 | Gait&Balance iPhone (iOS) |
100 | L5/S1 |
| Shahar et al. (2021) [24] | APDM mobility lab | 3 IMUs, on both feet and L5 | 128 | OneStep (Android) |
100 | Front pocket |
| Alberto et al. (2021) [25] | Motion capture (10 camera Qualisys) | 48 markers, plus clusters. | 120 | Kinetikos Nokia (Android) |
100 | Both sides front pocket |
| 15 × Xsens IMU | Head, thorax, scapulae, upper arms, forearms, hands, sacrum, thighs, shanks, and feet. |
120 | ||||
| Lugade et al. (2021) [26] | Video (gait events identified) | 30 | Gait Analyzer (Android) |
50 | Right hip | |
| Su et al. (2021) [27] | APDM mobility lab | 3 IMUs, on both feet and L5 | 100 | - iPhone (iOS) |
100 | Front pocket |
| Kuntapun et al. (2020) [28] | Motion capture (9 camera BTS) | 28 markers | 120 | Gait Analyzer Samsung (Android) |
50 | L3, bag |
| Silsupadol et al. (2020) [29] | Motion capture (9 camera BTS) | 28 markers. | 120 | SensorData Samsung and Asus (Android) |
100 | L3, L5, bag |
| Video (gait events identified) | ||||||
| Howell et al. (2020) [30] | 3 × Opal IMU | Feet and lumbosacral junction. | 128 | Gait Analyzer Samsung (Android) |
50 | Lumbar spine |
| Tchelet et al. (2019) [31] | Motion capture (10 camera Qualisys) | 8 markers (shoulders, sternum, back, inside/outside feet). | Enchephalog Android and iPhone (iOS) |
Sternum | ||
| 1 × Opal IMU | Sternum | 128 | ||||
| Silsupadol et al. (2017) [32] | GAITrite pressure sensitive walkway | 80 | SensorData vivo (Android) |
95–105 | L3, bag near right hip, front pocket (both vertical and horizontal orientation), handheld (as if speaking) |
|
| Pepa et al. (2017) [33] | Motion capture (6 cameras BTS) | 9 markers on ASISx2, mid PSIS, heel, 1st, 5th metatarsal. | 100 | AccOrient iPhone (iOS) |
100 | L3. Lateral pelvis. |
| Ellis et al. (2015) [34] | Footswitch, sensor mat, GAITrite pressure sensitive walkway |
Footswitch on heel pad. | SmartMove iPod Touch (iOS) |
100 | Navel | |
| Furrer et al. (2015) [35] | Motion capture (8 camera Vicon) | 34 markers. | 200 | - Android |
50 | L3 |
| Steins et al. (2014) [36] | Motion capture (6 camera Qualisys) | L3 | 100 | - iPod Touch (iOS) |
100 | L3 |
| 1 × Xsens IMU | L3 | 100 | ||||
| Nishiguchi et al. (2012) [37] | 1 × WAA-006 accelerometer | L3 | 33.3 | - Android |
33.3 | L3 |
Notes: SF = sample frequency, IMU = inertial measurement unit.