Table 3.

Results from individual sources of evidence—walking protocols.

Study	Environment	Speed	Duration
Di Bacco et al. (2023) [17]	Treadmill	PWS	3 × 8 min
Olson et al. (2023) [18]		PWS, PWS + dual task	4 × 6 s
Grouios et al. (2022) [19]	6 m walkway	PWS	9 × 6 steps
Christensen et al. (2022) [20]	Treadmill, indoor home environment	Treadmill: PWS, 0.8 ms−2, 2 ms−2, PWS + dual task	Treadmill: 15 steps Home: 30 s.
Kelly et al. (2022) [21]	10 m walkway	PWS	6 × 20 m
Shema-Shiratzky et al. (2022) [22]	10 m walkway	PWS	4 × 10 m
Rashid et al. (2021) [23]		PWS, PWS + dual task	4 × 6 s
Shahar et al. (2021) [24]	10 m walkway	PWS, ‘as fast as you can’, ‘as if the floor was slippery’, PWS + dual task	2 min
Alberto et al. (2021) [25]	Walkway	PWS	3 × 10 m
Lugade et al. (2021) [26]	Lab overground, circular	PWS	2 × 2 min
Su et al. (2021) [27]	10 m hallway (turns removed in analysis)	PWS, PWS + dual task	2 × 20 m
Kuntapun et al. (2020) [28]	Walkway Outdoor area.	PWS. Indoors and outdoors, level, irregular, obstacle crossing	10 m
Silsupadol et al. (2020) [29]	Walkway Outdoor area.	Speed changes and turns in separate trials. Slow = ‘as slow as they can’ Fast = ‘as fast as they can without running’	10 m
Howell et al. (2020) [30]	Walkway	PWS. Turns included. Dual task.	5 min, 5 × 20 m (with turn).
Tchelet et al. (2019) [31]	Walkway	Various—not specified what.	3 m/5 m
Silsupadol et al. (2017) [32]	Walkway	PWS, slow, fast (actual values not specified)	10 m
Pepa et al. (2017) [33]	Walkway	PWS, higher, lower (actual values not specified)	10 m platform. Back and forth.
Ellis et al. (2015) [34]	Walkway	PWS, cued PWS, cued PWS + 10%	26 m path, turn halfway
Furrer et al. (2015) [35]	Walkway	PWS	10 × 10 m
Steins et al. (2014) [36]	Walkway	PWS	4 × 10 m
Nishiguchi et al. (2012) [37]	Walkway	PWS	3 × 20 m

Notes: PWS = preferred walking speed.