Table 4.
Processing and analysis.
| Study | Filtered | Resampled | Sample Size Calculation | Gait Characteristics |
Determination of Characteristic | Reliability/Validity Measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Di Bacco et al. (2023) [17] | For linear analysis only | Y | Y | Stride time DFA Entropy |
As [46] | ICC B/A |
| Olson et al. (2023) [18] | N | N | Y | Step length Step time Periodicity |
As [23] | ICC B/A |
| Grouios et al. (2022) [19] | N | N | N | Raw acceleration | N/A | ICC Pearson |
| Christensen et al. (2022) [20] | N | N | Y | Stance time Step length Cadence Stride length Swing time |
Identified by researcher | ICC B/A |
| Kelly et al. (2022) [21] | Y | Y | N | Cadence | Positive peaks from the AP direction were identified as heel strikes | Pearson |
| Shema-Shiratzky et al., 2022) [22] | N | N | N | Step length Cadence Single/double support % |
PearsonB/A | |
| Rashid et al. (2021) [23] | N | N | N | Step length Step time Periodicity |
A wavelet-based step-event detection algorithm and a double-pendulum gait model | ICC B/A Pearson |
| Shahar et al. (2021) [24] | N | N | Y | Cadence Step length Gait stance phase % Swing phase % |
Not stated | ICC B/A |
| Alberto et al. (2021) [25] | Y | Y | N | Stride duration Stance phase duration Stride length Cadence |
As [46] | B/A |
| Lugade et al. (2021) [26] | Y | N | Y | Step time Cadence |
Video-based concurrently with accelerometer capture | B/A Pearson |
| Su et al. (2021) [27] | Y | N | N | Stride time Stride time variability |
As [46] | Pearson |
| Silsupadol et al. (2020) [29] | Y | N | N | Step time Step length Cadence |
Positive peaks in the filtered AP direction were identified as heel strikes | B/A Pearson |
| Howell et al. (2020) [30] | Y | N | N | Stride length Cadence |
Positive peaks in the filtered AP direction were identified as heel strikes | ICC Pearson |
| Kuntapun et al. (2020) [28] | Y | N | N | Step time Step length Cadence COM displacement |
Positive peaks in the filtered AP direction were identified as heel strikes COM identified via double integration of the acceleration time series |
Pearson B/A |
| Tchelet et al. (2019) [31] | N | Y | N | Step length Cadence |
B/A | |
| Silsupadol et al. (2017) [32] | Y | Y | N | Step length Step time Cadence |
Positive peaks in the filtered AP direction were identified as heel strikes |
ICC B/A |
| Pepa et al. (2017) [33] | N | N | Y | Step period Step length |
Various algorithms to identify heel strike compared | B/A Pearson |
| Ellis et al. (2015) [34] | N | Y | Y | Step time Step length |
Peaks in AP signal | ANOVA and effect sizes |
| Furrer et al. (2015) [35] | Y | N | N | Step length. COM displacement. |
Double integration of accelerations | B/A Pearson |
| Steins et al. (2014) [36] | Y | Y | N | COM position. COM acceleration. |
Integration of acceleration | ICC B/A |
| Nishiguchi et al. (2012) [37] | Y | Y | N | Peak frequency | Peak frequency calculated from smoothed acceleration data | Pearson |
Notes: ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient; B/A = Bland Altman limits of agreement; AP = anterior-posterior.