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. 2023 Sep 28;15(10):591. doi: 10.3390/toxins15100591

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Structure–activity relationship analyses of the hemolytic effects of Protopolybia-MPIII and Protopolybia-MPI on HRBCs. The effect of net charges (A), amphipathicity (B) and hydrophobicity (C) of 14 mutations of Protopolybia-MPIII (5 HHA mutants, 5 MHA mutants and 4 LHA mutants) on hemolytic activity; ns: no significance, * indicates a p value < 0.05, ** indicates a p value < 0.01, and *** indicates a p value < 0.001. (D) The relationship between the hemolytic EC₅₀ and hydrophobicity of 14 mutated peptides.