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. 2023 Jan 23;28(6):2343–2354. doi: 10.1038/s41380-023-01954-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Diagram of pAAV2/9-CaMKIIα-EGFP-2A-MSC-3FLAG (AAV-EGFP) injection and the images of EGFP in PL region of Cas9 mice. b Representative confocal images and quantitative results of the c-Fos (green) after social interaction in the dSTR (n = 3 in each group, and two views of slices were provided for each mouse). c Schematic and histology of pAAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-EGFP-WPRE (AAV-DIO-EGFP) or pAAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-hChR2(H134R)-EGFP-WPRE (AAV-DIO-ChR2-EGFP) injection in PL and optical fiber placement targeting dSTR terminals. d–g Optogenetic activation of PL-dSTR led to autistic-like behavior in mice. CaMKIIα-Cre mice+AAV-DIO-EGFP: n = 7; CaMKIIα-Cre mice+AAV-DIO-ChR2-EGFP: n = 8. d The time of grooming with or without blue light stimulation. e, f The interaction time in three-chamber test during phase 2 (e) and phase 3 (f) with or without blue light stimulation. g Quantitation of the time in center zone in open field test with or without blue light stimulation. h–m Spike raster (Top) and PSTH (Bottom) of identified FSIs, waveform of identified FSIs (Top), and Quantitative results of firing rate of identified FSIs in grooming test (h, n = 5 units from 3 control mice, n = 5 units from 3 AAV-sgTmem74-injected mice), home-cage test (j, n = 5 units from 3 control mice, n = 4 units from 3 AAV-sgTmem74-injected mice) and three-chamber test (l, n = 5 units from 3 control mice, n = 5 units from 3 AAV-sgTmem74-injected mice); Spike raster (Top) and PSTH (Bottom) of identified MSNs, Waveform of identified MSNs (Top) and Quantitative results of firing rate of identified MSNs in grooming test (i, n = 6 units from 3 control mice, n = 6 units from 3 AAV-sgTmem74-injected mice), home-cage test (k, n = 7 units from 3 control mice, n = 6 units from 3 AAV-sgTmem74-injected mice) and three-chamber test (m, n = 6 units from 3 control mice, n = 6 units from 3 AAV-sgTmem74-injected mice). Black column: control mice; Red column: AAV-sgTmem74 injected mice. Data were presented as means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001; ns not significant. dSTR: dorsal striatum, FSIs fast-spiking interneurons, MSNs medium spiny neurons. Unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test for b, e, f and h–m; Paired two-tailed Student’s t-test for d and g.