Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Location | Sample size (men/woman) | Recruitment Datea | Outcome | Diagnostic criteria | Sample type | Represen- tativeb | Structured interviewc | NOSd | Type of mortality assessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahrens 1995 [36] | Multicentric | 440 (251/189) | 1967–1992 | SMR | NA | Outpatients | No | Yes | 5 | All-cause, suicide, cardiovascular |
| Ajetunmobi 2013 [37] | United Kingdom | 5778 (2159/3619) | 1986–2010 | SMR | ICD-10 | Inpatients | No | No | 7 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, suicide, cardiovascular, cancer, cerebrovascular |
| Almeida 2016 [38] | Australia | 288 (288/0) | 1996–2011 | HR | ICD-8 and 9 | Community | Yes | No | 8 | Suicide |
| Angst 2002 [39] | Switzerland | 220 (73/147) | 1959–1997 | SMR | ICD-8 | Inpatients | No | Yes | 7 | All-cause, suicide, cardiovascular, cancer |
| Angst 2005 [40] | Switzerland | 220 (73/147) | 1959–2003 | SMR | ICD-9 | Inpatients | No | Yes | 6 | All-cause, suicide, cardiovascular, cancer, cerebrovascular |
| Angst 2013 [41] | Switzerland | 190 (132/68) | 1959–2009 | SMR | ICD-10 | Inpatients | No | No | 7 | All-cause, suicide, cardiovascular, cancer, cerebrovascular |
| Black 1987 [42] | United States | 586 (NA/NA) | 1970–1983 | SMR | DSM III | Inpatients | No | No | 6 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, cerebrovascular |
| Bratfos 1968 [9] | Norway | 207 (93/114) | 1952–1963 | SMR | Langfeldt | Inpatients | No | Yes | 6 | All-cause |
| Callaghan 2014 [43] | United States | 76098 (30978/45120) | 1990–2005 | SMR | ICD-9 | Inpatients | No | No | 7 | Cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer |
| Castagnini 2013 [44] | Denmark | 3200 (NA/NA) | 1995–2008 | SMR | ICD-10 | Inpatients | No | No | 6 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, suicide, cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer, infectious, cerebrovascular |
| Chang 2010 [45] | United Kingdom | 2699 (1126/1573) | 2007–2010 | SMR | ICD-10 | Inpatients | No | No | 7 | All-cause, unnatural, suicide |
| Chang 2012 [46] | United Kingdom | 1542 (574/968) | 2007–2010 | HR | ICD-10 | Community | Yes | No | 7 | All-cause, unnatural, suicide |
| Chen 2010 [15, 47] | Taiwan | 1581 (780/801) | 1996–2004 | HR | ICD-9 | Inpatients | No | No | 7 | All-cause, natural, unnatural |
| Chen 2020 [87] | Taiwan | 46490 (23321/23169) | 2001–2016 | SMR | ICD-9 and 10 | Inpatients | No | No | 8 | Sudden cardiac death |
| Choi 2019 [48] | South Korea | 481 (214/267) | 2005–2012 | HR | ICD-10 | Inpatients | No | No | 8 | Suicide |
| Crump 2013 [49] | Sweden | 6618 (2700/3918) | 2003–2009 | HR | ICD-10 | Community | Yes | No | 8 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, suicide, cardiovascular, cancer, cerebrovascular |
| Dutta 2007 [50] | United Kingdom | 235 (102/133) | 1965–1999 | SMR | DSM IV | Inpatients | No | Yes | 6 | All-cause, suicide, cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer, infectious |
| Fekadu 2015 [51] | Ethiopia | 346 (193/153) | 1998–2012 | SMR | SCAN | Community | Yes | No | 7 | All-cause |
| Fiedorowicz 2009 [52] | United States | 435 (185/250) | 1978–2003 | HR | RDC | Outpatients | Yes | Yes | 7 | Cardiovascular |
| Gale 2012 [53] | Sweden | 31 (31/0) | 1950–2004 | HR | ICD-8, 9 and 10 | Inpatients | No | Yes | 8 | Cardiovascular |
| Guan 2013 [54] | Netherlands | 2077 (927/1150) | 1999–2009 | HR | DSM-IV | Community | Yes | No | 7 | All-cause, suicide, cancer |
| Hayes 2017 [55] | United Kingdom | 17314 (7139/10202) | 2000–2014 | HR | ICD-10 | Community | Yes | No | 7 | All-cause, suicide, cardiovascular |
| Hjorthøj 2015 [56] | Denmark | 6799 (2455/4344) | 1969–2011 | SMR | NA | Community | Yes | No | 8 | All-cause |
| Hoang 2011 [57] | United Kingdom | 75720 (29534/46186) | 1999–2006 | SMR | ICD-9 and 10 | Inpatients | No | No | 6 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, cardiovascular, respiratory, cerebrovascular |
| Hoang 2013 [58] | United Kingdom | 14017 (5747/8270) | 2006–2008 | SMR | ICD-10 | Inpatients | No | No | 6 | All-cause |
| Høye 2016 [59] | Norway | 845 (331/514) | 1980–2012 | SMR | ICD-9 and 10 | Inpatients | No | No | 7 | All-cause, suicide, cardiovascular, cancer |
| Kay 1977 [60] | Sweden | 192 (84/108) | 1958–1970 | SMR | NA | Outpatients | Yes | Yes | 5 | All-cause |
| Kim 2018 [61] | South Korea | 1874 (588/1286) | 2002–2013 | HR | ICD-10 | Community | Yes | No | 8 | All-cause, suicide |
| Kodesh 2012 [62] | Israel | 5732 (2539/3193) | 2003–2009 | MRR | ICD-9 | Community | Yes | No | 8 | All-cause |
| Laursen 2007 [90] | Sweden | 11648 (NA/NA) | 1973–2001 | MRR | ICD-8 and 10 | Inpatients | No | No | 8 | Suicide, cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer |
| Laursen 2009 [63] | Denmark | NA (NA/NA) | 1994–2007 | MRR | ICD-8 and 10 | Inpatients | No | No | 8 | Cardiovascular |
| Laursen 2011 [88] | Denmark | 6215 (NA/NA) | 1995–2007 | MRR | ICD-8 and 10 | Community | Yes | No | 8 | Natural |
| Study | Location | Sample size (men/woman) | Recruitment Datea | Outcome | Diagnostic criteria | Sample type | Represen- tativeb | Structured interviewc | NOSd | Type of mortality assessed |
| Laursen 2013a [64] | Denmark | 11101 (4280/6821) | 2000–2007 | SMR | ICD-9 and 10 | community | Yes | No | 8 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular |
| Laursen 2013b [64] | Finland | 9919 (4489/5430) | 2000–2007 | SMR | ICD-9 and 10 | Community | Yes | No | 8 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular |
| Laursen 2013c [64] | Sweden | 18355 (7367/10988) | 2000–2007 | SMR | ICD-9 and 10 | Community | Yes | No | 8 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular |
| Lomholt 2019 [65] | Denmark | 23092 (9510/13582) | 1995–2014 | SMR | ICD-8 and 10 | Community | Yes | No | 8 | All-cause |
| Medici 2015 [66] | Denmark | 15334 (NA/NA) | 1995–2012 | SMR | ICD-10 | Community | Yes | No | 8 | All-cause |
| Mohamed 2019 [67] | United States | 41362 (21632/19730) | 2004–2014 | OR | ICD-9 | Inpatients | No | No | 8 | Cardiovascular |
| Newman 1991 [68] | Canada | 1429 (543/886) | 1976-1985 | SMR | ICD-9 | Community | Yes | No | 8 | All-cause, suicide |
| Norton 1984 [69] | United Kingdom | 791 (NA/NA) | 1967–1977 | SMR | Feighner | Community | No | No | 7 | All-cause, suicide, cardiovascular, cancer |
| Osborn 2007/2008 [70, 89] | United Kingdom | 10742 (5725/5017) | 1987–2002 | HR | Oxmis | Community | Yes | No | 8 | Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular |
| Ösby 2001 [71] | Sweden | 15386 (6578/8808) | 1973–1995 | SMR | ICD-8 and 9 | Inpatients | No | No | 8 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, suicide, cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer, infectious, cerebrovascular |
| Pan 2017 [87] | Taiwan | 77859 (33415/44444) | 2003–2007 | SMR | ICD-9 | Community | Yes | No | 7 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, cerebrovascular |
| Pan 2020 [73] | Taiwan | 103709 (43843/59866) | 2005–2013 | SMR | ICD-9 | Community | Yes | No | 6 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, cerebrovascular |
| Park 2019 [74] | South Korea | 3470 (1706/1764) | 2002–2013 | SMR | ICD-10 | Community | Yes | No | 7 | Suicide |
| Ramsey 2013 | United States | 2519 (1268/1251) | 1980–2007 | OR | DSM III | Community | Yes | No | 7 | All-cause |
| Saku 1995 [76] | Japan | 187 (119/68) | 1948–1985 | SMR | DSM III | Inpatients | No | No | 6 | All-cause, cancer |
| Schaffer 2014 [77] | Canada | 170 (96/74) | 1998–2010 | OR | Coroner | Community | Yes | No | 7 | Suicide |
| Schneider 2001 [78] | Germany | 74 (24/50) | 1983–1993 | SMR | DSM III, ICD-9 | Inpatients | No | Yes | 7 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, cerebrovascular |
| Schulman-Marcus 2016 [79] | United States | 16913 (9353/7560) | 2001–2012 | OR | ICD-9 | Inpatients | No | No | 8 | Cardiovascular |
| Sharma 1994 [80] | United Kingdom | 472 (NA/NA) | 1970–1987 | SMR | DSM III | Inpatients | No | No | 4 | Suicide, cardiovascular, respiratory |
| Tsuang 1980 [81] | United States | 92 (34/58) | 1934–1974 | SMR | Iowa 500 cohort | Inpatients | No | No | 7 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, suicide, cardiovascular, cancer, infectious, cerebrovascular |
| Vinogradova 2010 [82] | United Kingdom | 159 (63/96) | 2000–2005 | HR | Othere | Community | No | No | 6 | All-cause |
| Webb 2014 [83] | Sweden | 15337 (NA/NA) | 1973–2009 | RR | ICD-8, 9 and 10 | Community | Yes | No | 8 | Suicide |
| Weeke 1987 [84] | Denmark | 2662 (2662/0) | 1950–1957 | SMR | ICD-8 | Inpatients | No | No | 5 | All-cause, suicide, cardiovascular |
| Westman 2013 [85] | Sweden | 17101 (NA/NA) | 1987–2006 | SMR | ICD-9 and 10 | Inpatients | No | No | 7 | All-cause, natural, unnatural, suicide, Cardiovascular, cancer, cerebrovascular |
| Yeh 2019 [86] | United States | 213 (102/111) | 2000–2013 | OR | ICD-9 | Community | Yes | No | 8 | Suicide |
HR hazard ratio, MRR mortality rate ratio, NA not available, OR odds ratio, RR risk ratio, SCAN Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, SMR standardized mortality ratio.
aData since the first individual from the last individual entered and do not necessarily correspond to the data of the last assessment of mortality.
bWhether the sample is representative from the general population or not.
cWhether the researchers used a structured interview to recruit individuals to the study.
dThe NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale) is used to assess the risk of bias.
eStandard computer codes (Read codes) for general practice in the UK.