Table 2.

Summary of results.

Sex	K	N	Effect size [95%CI]	I2 (%)	Egger’s test p value	GRADE
All-cause mortality
Total	39	450397	2.02 [1.89–2.16]	96.8	0.036	⨁⨁⨁◯
Male	23	158752a	2.27 [2.13–2.43]	87.8	0.360	⨁⨁⨁◯
Female	22	215505a	2.26 [2.08–2.46]	93.4	0.328	⨁⨁⨁◯
Mortality by natural causes
Total	17	354417	1.91 [1.76–2.07]	96.1	0.588	⨁⨁◯◯
Male	11	103783a,d	2.03 [1.88–2.19]	87.9	0.893	⨁⨁⨁◯
Female	12	138050a,d	2.05 [1.95–2.16]	71.5	0.848	⨁⨁⨁◯
Mortality by unnatural causes
Total	17	349744	7.29 [6.42–8.28]	94.1	0.128	⨁⨁⨁⨁
Male	10	103783a	6.69 [5.85–7.66]	87.3	0.454	⨁⨁⨁⨁
Female	11	138050a	9.33 [8.07–0.78]	86.1	0.082	⨁⨁⨁⨁
Mortality by suicide
Total	25	180210	11.6 [9.23–14.81]	94.6	0.103	⨁⨁⨁⨁
Male	11	47568b,e,h	14.02 [11.16–17.60]	87.1	0.146	⨁⨁⨁⨁
Female	11	71175b,e	17.53 [10.76–28.54]	97.5	0.258	⨁⨁⨁⨁
Mortality by cardiovascular causes
Total	27	387963c	1.76 [1.53–2.02]	98.0	0.528	⨁⨁◯◯
Male	13	96411b	1.82 [1.69–1.97]	73.3	0.735	⨁⨁◯◯
Female	14	154499c	1.69 [1.44–1.99]	95.4	0.637	⨁⨁◯◯
Mortality by cerebrovascular causes
Total	13	165787	1.57 [1.34–.84]	85.6	0.931	⨁⨁◯◯
Male	7	56494	1.70 [1.54–1.88]	0.0	0.434	⨁⨁◯◯
Female	7	77620	1.70 [1.30–2.23]	90.9	0.254	⨁⨁◯◯
Mortality by infectious causes
Total	3	91341f	4.38 [1.51–12.70]	94.7	NA**	⨁⨁◯◯
Male	2	6680	3.24 [1.90–5.52]	0.0	NA**	⨁⨁◯◯
Female	2	8941	2.62 [1.61–4.28]	0.0	NA**	⨁⨁◯◯
Mortality by respiratory causes
Total	6	106661g	3.18 [2.56–3.97]	77.4	0.200	⨁⨁⨁◯
Male	5	67192b	3.29 [2.37–4.58]	94.7	0.606	⨁⨁⨁◯
Female	5	100247b	2.86 [2.05–3.98]	95.6	0.507	⨁⨁⨁◯
Mortality by cancer
Total	16	203181	0.99 [0.88–1.11]	75.0	0.854	⨁⨁◯◯
Male	9	73004b	0.99 [0.93–1.06]	0.0	0.681	⨁⨁◯◯
Female	9	104805c	1.03 [0.87–1.21]	79.2	0.901	⨁⨁◯◯

Legend. K, number of samples; N, sample size; The following authors did not report sample size: ^aBlack 1987, Laursen ^b2007, ^c2009 and (d) 2011, and ^eCastagnini 2013; Results of the following studies were excluded from analysis due to excessive asymmetry in the 95%CI: ^fTsuang 1980, ^gCallaghan 2014 and ^hAhrens 1995; * Based on Cochrane’s GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). ** Not enough studies to calculate. GRADE: ⨁◯◯◯: very low; ⨁⨁◯◯: Low; ⨁⨁⨁◯: Moderate; ⨁⨁⨁⨁: High.