Table 3.
Results from subgroup analysis.
| Group | Sub-group | Population | Number of studies (k) | Risk ratio [95% CI] | I2 (%) | Group | Sub-group | Population | Number of studies (k) | Risk ratio [95% CI] | I2 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location | Africa | Total | 1 | NA | NA | Study design | Case–control | Total | 1 | NA | NA |
| Male | 0 | NA | NA | Male | 1 | NA | NA | ||||
| Female | 0 | NA | NA | Female | 1 | NA | NA | ||||
| Asia | Total | 6 | 2.33 [2.07–2.62] | 93.8 | Prospective | Total | 21 | 2.02 [1.84–2.21] | 94.0 | ||
| Male | 5 | 2.49 [2.36–2.63] | 46.3 | Male | 9 | 2.27 [2.02–2.56] | 84.7 | ||||
| Female | 5 | 2.67 [2.44–2.93] | 73.1 | Female | 10 | 2.32 [2.11–2.55] | 78.4 | ||||
| Europe | Total | 26 | 2.02 [1.85–2.20] | 97.2 | Retrospective | Total | 17 | 1.95 [1.76–2.17] | 98.1 | ||
| Male | 15 | 2.25 [2.06–2.46] | 89.5 | Male | 13 | 2.21 [2.04–2.41] | 89.4 | ||||
| Female | 13 | 2.17 [1.94–2.42] | 94.4 | Female | 11 | 2.13 [1.87–2.43] | 96.0 | ||||
| North America | Total | 5 | 1.83 [1.40–2.39] | 81.9 | Diagnostic criteria | DSM | Total | 5 | 1.83 [1.37–2.46] | 86.4 | |
| Male | 2 | 1.99 [1.53–2.59] | 12.5 | Male | 3 | 1.93 [1.45–2.58] | 30.6 | ||||
| Female | 3 | 2.14 [1.73–2.64] | 0.0 | Female | 3 | 1.95 [1.09–3.49] | 78.9 | ||||
| Other | Total | 1 | NA | NA | ICD | Total | 25 | 2.07 [1.91–2.24] | 97.8 | ||
| Male | 1 | NA | NA | Male | 17 | 2.30 [2.15–2.47] | 90.0 | ||||
| Female | 1 | NA | NA | Female | 15 | 2.31 [2.11–2.54] | 95.2 | ||||
| Sample type | Community | Total | 20 | 2.05 [1.90–2.21] | 95.8 | Other | Total | 6 | 1.90 [1.40–2.58] | 74.8 | |
| Male | 11 | 2.25 [2.08–2.44] | 89.9 | Male | 0 | NA | NA | ||||
| Female | 11 | 2.32 [2.11–2.56] | 94.1 | Female | 1 | NA | NA | ||||
| Inpatient | Total | 17 | 2.05 [1.80–2.34] | 97.5 | Blank | Total | 3 | 1.88 [1.12–3.13] | 92.5 | ||
| Male | 10 | 2.44 [2.12–2.80] | 87.2 | Male | 3 | 1.72 [0.94–3.14] | 86.8 | ||||
| Female | 9 | 2.26 [1.81–2.83] | 94.4 | Female | 3 | 2.17 [1.40–3.35] | 81.0 | ||||
| Outpatient | Total | 2 | 1.51 [1.11–2.05] | 42.7 | |||||||
| Male | 2 | 1.29 [0.70–2.37] | 61.4 | ||||||||
| Female | 2 | 1.74 [1.31–2.31] | 0.0 | ||||||||
| Representative | Yes | Total | 18 | 2.04 [1.88–2.21] | 96.2 | Use of structured interview | SI Yes | Total | 7 | 1.63 [1.39–1.92] | 58.8 |
| Male | 11 | 2.25 [2.08–2.44] | 89.9 | Male | 4 | 2.07 [0.86–5.00] | 92.8 | ||||
| Female | 11 | 2.30 [2.08–2.54] | 94.2 | Female | 3 | 1.51 [1.15–2.00] | 24.1 | ||||
| No | Total | 21 | 2.01 [1.78–2.27] | 96.9 | SI No | Total | 32 | 2.08 [1.94–2.24] | 97.2 | ||
| Male | 12 | 2.31 [2.01–2.64] | 86.6 | Male | 19 | 2.27 [2.13–2.41] | 87.1 | ||||
| Female | 11 | 2.22 [1.82–2.70] | 93.1 | Female | 19 | 2.34 [2.14 - 2.55] | 94.0 | ||||
| Adjusted by SUD | SUD Yes | Total | 4 | 1.95 [1.41–2.70] | 95.0 | Adjusted by time-at-risk | Time Yes | Total | 7 | 1.94 [1.60–2.35] | 98.8 |
| Male | 2 | 2.37 [1.71–3.28] | 89.8 | Male | 4 | 2.37 [2.20–2.54] | 78.3 | ||||
| Female | 2 | 2.62 [2.05–3.37] | 85.0 | Female | 3 | 2.66 [2.49–2.84] | 66 | ||||
| SUD No | Total | 35 | 2.03 [1.89–2.17] | 96.9 | Time No | Total | 32 | 2.04 [1.90–2.19] | 95.3 | ||
| Male | 21 | 2.26 [2.11–2.43] | 88.1 | Male | 19 | 2.25 [2.05–2.46] | 88.0 | ||||
| Female | 20 | 2.22 [2.02–2.44] | 93.9 | Female | 19 | 2.19 [1.99–2.42] | 92.2 |