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. 2023 Oct 27;13:18435. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-45620-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Identification of hub genes. A Venn diagram of 203 overlapping DEGs in GSE45585, GSE45587 and GSE9210 datasets (A). PPI network constructed by 203 DEGs in STRING database with a PPI score > 0.4 (B). As a result, the PPI network showed 59 interactions of the hub genes with each other, 197 nodes and 271 edges were established. Three functional modules were identified using Cytoscape software by Hubba plugin analysis (C) and the MCODE (D). Six hub genes with the highest scores in the Degree, Bottleneck, and MCC algorithms from Hubba and MCODE analysis were identified (E). Six identified hub genes including PRM2, FSCN3, TEKT2, UBQLN3, SPATS1 and GTSF1L were all down-regulated in NOA compared to the normal samples (F).