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. 2023 Oct 27;13:18434. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44735-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Forest plots for the causal estimates [odds ratios (OR) or beta coefficient and their 95% confidence intervals] showing the Wald ratio estimates for the association between body constitution [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and body fat percentage (BFP)] and the risk of hearing loss [sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), and age-related hearing impairment (ARHI)] (left panel), in the forward two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR), and, between hearing loss and body constitution (right panel), in the reverse two-sample MR.