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. 2023 Oct 27;13:18412. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44862-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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MUFS subjects exhibit symptomatic features distinct from OAB and IC/BPS subjects. While multiple symptomatic features, such as urinary frequency, were increased in all LUTS groups, the MUFS demonstrated significantly increased severity of a sensation (A) and frequency (B) of incomplete emptying and dyspareunia (C). Subjects with MDFS were also significant younger than the other populations (D). In contrast, subjects with IC/BPS exhibited higher levels of pain with bladder filling (E) and bladder pain and burning (F), while OAB subjects demonstrated consistent elevations in the sudden incontinence associated with urgency (G) and a strong desire to urinate (H). Brackets indicate pairwise comparisons by Wilcoxon rank sum tests. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***P < 0.005, ns: not significant.