Appendix Table A1.
Outcomes of Chemical and Thermal Ablative Therapies
| First Author, Year, Country | Study Design | n | Vol. (mL) | VR (%) | Follow-up (months) | Comp* (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RFA | ||||||
| Kandil, 2022, USA67 | RC | 162 | 4.17 | 54–76 | 1–12 | 2.5 |
| Hussain, 2021, USA2 | RC | 47 | 8 | 70.8 | 3.5 | 4.2 |
| Kuo, 2021, USA68 | RC | 24 | 8.52 | 50.7 | 1.1 | 5 |
| Hamidi, 2018, USA69 | RC | 14 | 24.2 | 44.6 | 8.6 | NR |
| Lee, 2023, South Korea70 | RC | 287 | 6.4 | 91.9 | 56.5 | 5.2 |
| Lin, 2022, Taiwan71 | RC | 826 | 21.51 | 72.4 | 6 | 4.8 |
| Li, 2021, China72 | RC | 1289 | 7.29 | 77.8 | 12 | NR |
| Vuong, 2019, Vietnam73 | RC | 251 | 6.18 | 81 | 12 | 0.8 |
| Deandrea, 2019, Italy18 | RC | 215 | 20.9 | 66.9 | 60 | 2.8 |
| Lee, 2019, South Korea74 | RC | 1619 | 10.2 (n, 374) and 12.85 (n, 626) | 84 | 10 | 1.3 |
| Jung, 2018, South Korea75 | PC | 276 | 14.2 | 95.3 | 60 | 4.3 |
| Dobnig, 2018, Austria76 | PC | 222 | 13.8 | 80 | 12 | NR |
| Jeong, 2008, South Korea49 | RC | 236 | 6.13 | 84.1 | 1–41 | NR |
| LA | ||||||
| Gambelunghe, 2022, Italy77 | RC | 24 | 138 | 80 | 48 | 20.8 (pain, fever) |
| Gambelunghe, 2021, Italy78 | RC | 171 | 16.7 | 59 | 120 | 8.2 |
| Squarcia, 2021, Spain79 | RC | 30 | 18.9 | 60 | 60 | 9.8 |
| Dossing, 2019, Denmark80 | RC | 110 | 9 | 85 | 45 | NR |
| Gambelunghe, 2018, Italy81 | RC | 82 | 12 | 58 | 36 | 13.4 (pain) |
| Achille, 2016, Italy82 | RC | 45 | 24.2 | 84 | 12 | 2.2 |
| Negro, 2016, Italy83 | RC | 56 | 15.7 | 55.5 | 48 | 7.1 |
| Pacella, 2015, Italy44 | RC | 1534 | 27 | 72 | 12 | 0.9 |
| Dossing, 2011, Denmark84 | RC | 78 | 8.2 | 51 | 38 | 33 (pain) |
| Valcavi, 2010, Italy85 | RC | 122 | 23.1 | 47.8 | 36 | 4.9 |
| MWA | ||||||
| Yildirim, 2022, Turkey86 | RC | 40 | 19 | 79 | 12 | 2.5 |
| Du, 2022, China45 | RC | 148 | 15.6 | 96.9 | 48 | 3.38 |
| Mo, 2022, China87 | RC | 53 | 11.68 | 29–92 | 1–18 | 37.7 (pain) |
| Zhao, 2021, China88 | RC | 53 | 7.28 | 84.64 | 36 | 3.8 |
| Liu, 2017, China89 | RC | 474 | 13.07 | 94 | 12 | 3.8 |
| Wu, 2017, China90 | RC | 121 | 8.56 | 85.97 | 12 | 4.1 |
| Heck, 2015, Germany91 | RC | 34 | 18.15 | 53.6 | 3–6 | 11.7 |
| Yue, 2013, China92 | RC | 477 | 2.13 | 38 | 24 | 4.2 |
| HIFU | ||||||
| Vorlander, 2022, Germany93 | RC | 75 | 4.4 | 60.7 | 12 | 3.8 |
| Fischer, 2022, Germany94 | RC | 58 | NR | 63.9 | 12 | 5.2 |
| Lang, 2019, China95 | RC | 108 | 10.1 (1 T) and 20.34 (2 T) | 70.41 | 24 | 3.7 |
| Trimboli, 2018, Switzerland96 | RC | 26 | 2.81 | 48 | 12 | 0 |
| Sennert, 2018, Germany97 | RC | 19 | 2.56 | 58 | 3 | NR |
| Kovatcheva, 2015, Bulgaria98 | PC | 20 | 4.96 | 48.7 | 6 | 5 |
| EA | ||||||
| Abdelgawad, 2022, USA99 | RC | 34 | 28.6 | 2.32 | 6 | 4.55 |
| Steinl, 2022, USA100 | RC | 17 | 21.3 | 66–78 | 1–12 | 0 |
| Sharma, 2020, USA101 | RC | 18 | 5.7 | 56.1 | 3 | NR |
| Iniguez-Ariza, 2018, USA102 | RC | 20 | 19.6 | 75.64 | 24 | 20 |
| Karatay, 2021, Turkey103 | RC | 46 | NR | 89.7 | 6 | NR |
| Cho, 2021, South Korea104 | RC | 61 | 21.9 | 80.7 | 10.5 | 8.2 |
| Hey, 2021, UK105 | PC | 26 | 22.3 | 96 | 14 | 38 (pain) |
| Basu, 2014, India106 | RC | 65 | 8.87 (n, 47) and 7.21 (n, 13) | 78.3 | 12.3 | 0 |
| Valcavi, 2004, Italy107 | RCT | 143 | 19 | 85.6 | 12 | NR |
| Bennedbaek, 2003, Denmark24 | RCT | 33 | 8 | 83–100 | 6 | 21 (pain) |
| Verde, 1994, Italy108 | RCT/PC | 10/32 | 14.5 | 73.5/82.7 | 1/12 | 0/9.3 (pain) |
| Comparisons | ||||||
| Nguyen, 2023, Vietnam109 | RC | 22 (RFA) vs. 17 (EA) | 6.55 vs. 5.21 | 72.4 vs. 53.1 | 1 | NR |
| Zhang, 2022, China110 | RC | 31 (MWA) vs. 30 (EA) | 8.33 vs. 4.92 | 87.1 vs. 86.7 | 12 | 19.35 vs. 26.7 (pain) |
| Karatay, 2022, Turkey111 | RC | 46 (RFA) vs. 50 (EA) | 21.41 vs. 20.52 | 80.8 vs. 70.7 | 6 | 6.5 vs. 8 |
| Bernardi, 2020, Italy112 | RC | 216 (RFA) vs. 190 (LA) | 14.3 vs. 12.2 | 77 vs. 57 | 60 | NR |
| Cesareo, 2020, Italy59 | RCT | 30 (RFA) vs. 30 (LA) | 26 vs. 24.7 | 63.3 vs. 53.2 | 6 | 16.7 vs. 16.7 |
| Pacella, 2017, Italy113 | RC | 152 (RFA) vs. 449 (LA) | 49 vs. 45.1 | 59.6 vs. 62.8 | 12 | 14.5 vs. 9.6 |
| Cheng, 2017, China114 | PC | 687 (RFA) vs. 664 (MWA) | 7.22 vs. 7.72 | 89.6 vs. 81.1 | 13.5 vs. 13.9 | 4.78 vs. 6.63 |
| Yue, 2017, China115 | RC | 158 (MWA) vs. 102 (RFA) | 4.6 vs. 5.7 | 77.2 vs. 79.4 | 12 | 5.9 vs. 3.9 |
| Baek, 2015, South Korea116 (cystic nodules) |
RCT | 22 (RFA) vs. 24 (EA) | 8.6 vs. 14.7 | 87.5 vs. 82.4 | 6 | 0 vs. 4 |
| Sung, 2013, South Korea117 (cystic nodules) |
RCT | 21 (RFA) vs. 21 (EA) | 9.3 vs. 12.2 | 93.3 vs. 96.9 | 6 | 0 vs. 0 |
*
Complications—major and minor—as defined by the Society of Interventional Radiology criteria or as reported in publication.
EA, ethanol ablation; HIFU, high-intensity focused ultrasound; LA, laser ablation; m months; MWA, microwave ablation; n, number of nodules; NR, not reported; PC, prospective cohort; RC, retrospective cohort; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; T, treatment session; Vol, Basesline nodule volume; VR, volume reduction; UK, United Kingdom; USA, United States of America.