Table 2.

Shows the summary of retrospective studies of patients with T. otitidis infection

No.	Author and year	Age	Sample size	No. of Turicella otitidis cases or percentage	Condition	Source of isolation	Identification
1	Gavrilovici, C., et al., 2022 [9]	2 months-7 years	147	n = 1	Acute otitis media	Pus	MICROSCAN panels (PC42, HIND) and MALDI-TOF MS	NA
2	Mendez-Legaza, J.M., et al.,2021 [23]	0–14 years and 2–81 years	1089 samples	n = 22	ear exudate	External auditory canal	Culture, API Coryne, MALDI-TOF MS
3	Chen, T.Y., et al. 2021 [20]	NS	107 culturable isolates	n = 10	Otitis media	Middle ear sample	NS
4	Álvarez, A.S. and M.G. Coca, 2021 [32]	NS	273 ear exudates	n = 18	Acute otitis media	Middle ear fluid samples	ANC card of the Vitek2® system
5	Barron, C.L., et al., 2020 [19]	9 months- 19 years	38 effusion	n = 1	Chronic middle ear effusions	Middle ear fluid	Culture, Immunoblot (DNABII proteins)
6	Ari O., et al., 2019 [15]	NS	25 children	6%	Otitis media with effusion	Ear	16 S rRNA metagenomics
7	Man, W.H., et al., 2019 [28]	> 5 years	94 children	n = 5	Acute otitis media	Tympanostomy tube otorrhea	16 S ribosomal RNA-based sequencing
8	Kolbe, A.R., et al., 2019 [10]	3-176 months	50 children	n = 26	Chronic otitis media	Middle ear fluid	DNA sequencing
9	Kalcioglu, et al., 2018 [24]	NS	102 samples	n = 5/26 (cholesteatomy), n = 4/18 (typanosclerotic plaque	Chronic otitis media	Middle ear	PCR, 16 ribosomal RNA
10	Sillanpää, S., et al., 2017 [42]	5–42 months	79	n = 5	Acute otitis media	Middle ear fluid samples	Nested-PCR amplification of the 16 S rRNA gene (V4 region), mass sequencing
11	Vila, P.M., et al., 2017 [22]	2–6 years	54	n = 4	Otitis media (cochlear implant)	Middle ear	Culture
12	Krueger, A., et al., 2017 [27]	0–24 months (n = 25), > 24 month (n = 30)	55	7.84%	Middle ear effusion	Middle ear	Western blot and DNA and molecular analysis
13	Quesnel, S., et al., 2010 [8]	3 months-15 years	188	n = 4	Acute mastoiditis	Drainage of retro auricular abscess, paracentesis	Culture
14	Jeziorski, E., et al.2009 [21]	NS	12	n = 12	Acute otitis media, acute pyelonephritis, seromucous otitis, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoid leukemia	Middle ear	Stain, culture, DNAse, CAMP test
15	Gomez-Garces, J.L., et al., 2004 [43]	6 months-7 years	153 ear exudates (112 patients)	n = 7	Acute exudative otitis media or exacerbation of chronic otitis media	Middle ear	API Coryne, API Zym, API 50 CH, morphological and phenotypic tests
16	Holzmann, D., et al., 2002 [30]	NS	60 children	n = 14	Exudative otitis media	Middle ear effusion	Culture, biochemical and chemotaxonomic data
17	Funke, G., et al., 1994 [39]	1–5 years	NS	NS	Otitis media	Middle ear fluid	Biochemical, API Coryne, and 16 S rRNA sequencing

NS Not specified, PCR Polymerase chain reaction