Table 5.

Patient-derived primary tumor meningioma models in vivo

Grade	Type of animal	Age (w)	Number of cells/injection volume (μl)	Duration of incubation (d)	Tumor take rate % (pooled animals)	IVoG	NIVoG	Papers
Orthotopic models
Benign/WHO-Grade 1	Nu/nu [119], Rag2SCID [25], athymic nu/nu [24],	4–5 [26, 119], 6 [24], 12–16 [25]	(105) [25], (106) [24, 26, 119] / (2) [25], (10) [24, 26, 119]	CC 21 [24], 42 [24], 56 [24], 90 [26, 119] NA [25]	100% (34/34) [119], 93% (27/29) [26], 69% (56/81) [24], 0% (0/30) [25]	Histology [24, 26, 119] IHC [24, 26, 119]	–	4 [24–26, 119] a [25, 26, 119]
Atypical/WHO-Grade 2	Rag2SCID [25], athymic nu/nu [24]	6 [24], 12–16 [25]	(105) [25], (106) [24] / (2) [25], (10) [24]	CC 14 [24], 21 [24], 28 [24], 360 [25] SS (240) [25]	100% (58/58) [24, 25], 70% (7/10) [25], 0% (0/70) [25]	Histology [24, 25], IHC [25], RNA sequence [25]	MRI [25]	2 [24, 25] a [25]
Malignant/WHO-grade 3	Rag2SCID [25], BALB/c-nu [121], athymic nu/nu [24]	6 [24], 12–16 [25], ND [121]	(102) [121], (103) [121], (104) [121], (105) [25, 121], (106) [24, 121] / (2) [25], (10) [24, 121]	CC 4 [24], 8 [24], 12 [24], 360 [25] SS (160) [25] ND [121]	100% (12/12) [121], 90% (9/10) [25], 86% (6/7) [121], 67% (4/6) [121], 25% (1/4) [25] 0% (0/38) [25, 121], ND [24]	Histology [24, 25, 121], IHC [24, 25, 121], RNA sequence [25]	MRI [25]	3 [24, 25, 121] a [25]
Unknown/uncertain	Nu/nu [116]	6 [116]	(106) [116]/(2) [116]	CC (90) [116]	90% (18/20) [116]	–	MRI [116]	1 [116]
Heterotopic models
Benign/WHO-grade 1	CD1 [20, 72, 73], nude [120], C57B1/6 J-nu [122], CD1 athymic BALB/c [123], Swiss nu/nu/Ncr [124], BALB/c-nu [106, 126, 128]	2 [123], 3 [20, 72, 73], 4 [126], 6 [106], 8–10 [124], ND [120, 122, 128]	(105) [20], (106) [73, 123], (1.5 × 106) [124], (1.7 × 106) [20], (5 × 106) [72], (107) [120, 122], (1.1 × 107) [20], (1.6 × 107) [20], (5 × 107) [126]/(10) [126], (100–150) [72], (500) [20, 123], (800)[124], WT[106, 122, 128], SR[106, 126], IV-ND[106, 120, 122]	CC 28 [126], 35 [20], 43 [72], 51 [20], 56 [106, 124], 84[120], 90 [128], 96 [20], 150 [73, 123], 180 [122], 270 [122], 330 [122]	100% (199/199) [72, 106, 123, 124, 126, 128], 85% (17/20) [120], 76% (35/46) [122], 75% (15/20) [20], ND [73]	Histology [20, 72, 73, 122, 123, 126] IHC [20, 72, 73, 120, 122, 123] Measured surgicals [106]	Caliper [120, 122–124, 128]	10 [20, 72, 73, 106, 120, 122–124, 126, 128]
Atypical/WHO-Grade 2	C57B1/6 J-nu [122], Swiss nu/nu/Ncr [124]	8–10 [124], ND [122]	(1.5 × 106) [124], (107) [122], WT [122]/IV-ND [122]	CC 56 [124], 180 [122]	100% (8/8) [124] 33% (4/12) [122]	Histology [122] IHC [122]	Caliper [122, 124]	2 [122, 124]
Malignant/WHO-Grade 3	BALB/c-nu [106, 118, 121, 129], Swiss nu/nu/Ncr [124]	4–5 [118], 6–10 [106, 124, 129], ND [121]	(104) [121], (105) [121], (106) [118, 121], (1.5 × 106) [124], (2 × 106) [129]/(1000) [121], (250) [118], WT [106], SR [106, 129], IV-ND [129]	CC 30 [118], 35 [106], 42 [129], 56 [124], ND [121]	100% (43/43) [106, 118, 124], 67% (4/6) [121], 60% (3/5) [121], 50% (3/6) [121], ND [129]	Histology [118, 121] IHC [118, 121] Measured surgically [106, 129]	Caliper [118, 121, 124]	5 [106, 118, 121, 124, 129]
Unknown/uncertain	BALB/c-nu [117, 125], CD1 [127]	3 [125], 6–10 [117], ND [127]	(5 × 106–107) [127], WT [117, 125, 127], SR [117, 127], SG [125]	CC 28 [117], 30 [125] ND [127]	100% (78/78) [117, 125], 83% (?/?) [127], 75% (?/?) [127]	Histology [125, 127] Electron microscopy [125]	Caliper-PM [117]	3 [117, 125, 127] a[127]

WT: Whole tumor pieces; SR: Subrenal capsule, SG: Subgalea, Caliper-PM: Caliper post-mortem, ND: Not fully described to a certain degree

^aAspects regarding take and/or duration are difficult to assess, See separate papers/Additional file 10: Table S10