Table 7.
Characteristics of uncategorized models
| Uncategorized models | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Method overview/paper | Specific aim | MoEMM | ToA/age (w)/NoA | DoI | Results | |
| Syngeneic models | Peyre et al. 2012 [30] | Xenografting cells (MGS1-3) derived from genetic engineered model (Nf2flox/flox;Ink4ab−/−) |
Orthotopic injection 1.5 × 104–7 × 107 cells/μl in 7–10 μl |
FVB wild type mice/6/30 |
MGS1 1.3 m MGS2 0.6 m MGS3 1.3 m |
TTR: MGS1 = 5/10 grade 1, 4/10 grade 2, 1/10 grade 3; MGS2 = 10/10 grade 3; MGS3 = 2/10 grade 1, 4/10 grade 2, 4/10 grade 3a |
| Peyre et al. 2013 [132] | Utilizing implantation of genetic-engineered tumor cells MGS2 (30) in ascertaining handheld confocal microscopy to identify focal brain invasion |
Orthotopic injection 1.5 × 104–7 × 107 cells/μl in 8 μl |
FVB wild type mice/-/20 | 14d |
TTR: 17/20 tumors in total 11 meningothelial, 5 transitional, 1 fibroblastic Confocal microscopy identifies brain invasion along Virchow-Robin spaces and identification of intratumoral vessels and nerves |
|
| Yeung et al. 2021 [135] | Test of anti-programmed death ligand (PD-L1) and 4-1BB(CD137) anti-colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1)/colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSFR) in a syngeneic model using cells MGS1[30] |
Orthotopic injection (2.5 × 105 cells in 25 μl) and heterotopic injection (1 × 106 cells in 100 μl) |
FVB wild type mice/6–8/15 |
30–54 days depending on experiment In survival 50% dead after 44 days in control group |
No upregulation of PD-L1 in vivo due to paucity of T-cell infiltration—hence, T-cell targeted therapy did not decrease tumor size CSF1 and CSF1R (mediators in monocyte recruitment, M2-differentiation) Anti-CSF1 significantly reduce tumor size |
|
| Yamate et al. 1994 [142] | To investigate a transplantable tumor (MM-KMY) derived from a malignant meningioma (spontaneous) in an F344 Rat | Heterotopic implantation | F344 rats/3-30w/73 | 6-8w (various passages in paper) |
Eight weeks until nodule avg diameter 5.7 cm, which formed large cysts and necrotic tissue. Frequent metastasis in lungs. Xenograft tumors similar to parent tumor Vimentin positive xenograft and parent tumor. 100% TTR They also show positive monocytes/macrophage infiltration |
|
| Tsujino et al. 1997 [143] | To establish KMY-J from MM-KMY tumors and develop clones | Heterotopic injection of 1 × 106 cells of clone KMY-1–3 | F344 rats/6-14w/- | 9-11w |
Established clones of KMY-MM with varying cell morphology and chromosomes. Palpable tumors after 5–7 weeks TTR not described |
|
| Xenografting human-derived stem-like cells | Hueng et al. 2011 [140] | To investigate patient-derived Meningioma Stem-Like Cells (MgSCs) and adherent cells (MgACs) | MgSCs (meningioma sphere cells) or MgACs (meningioma adherent cells) 1 × 104 cells injected in 5 μl orthotopically | NOD/SCID mice/6-8w/30 | 60d |
MgACs were not tumorigenic. MgSCs were, but no mentioning of TTR. Similar immunohistochemical profile to parent tumor |
| Rath et al. 2011 [141] | To isolate and characterize a population of Stem-like progenitor cells from an atypical meningioma. Identifying tumor-initiating cells | Heterotopic injection of 103, 104, 105, 5 × 106 meningioma-initiating cells (MICs) | Foxn1(nu) mice/6-7w/12 | Up to 12w |
EMA positive, Vimentin positive, GFAP negative. MICs self-renew, differentiate, and can recapitulate the histological characteristics of the parental tumor Model usable for studying tumorigenesis |
|
| Xenografting non-neoplastic cells | Baia et al. 2012 [139] | To investigate Yes-Associated Protein 1 as an oncogene in meningiomas | Orthotopic implantation of non-neoplastic arachnoidal cells, AC1, vector and transfected with YAP1 and luciferase (105 cells) | Athymic nude mice/6w/12 | Up to 90 days. Median survival in YAP1 mice 22 days |
0/6 xenografts in control/vector vs. 6/6 YAP1 transfected Large well-circumscribed tumors |
| Corneal Angiogenesis Assay | Toktas et al. 2010 [136] | To investigate relationship between angiogenetic potential of intracranial meningiomas using rat corneal angiogenesis assay (CAA) | Implantation of various tumor grades in corneal micro pockets | Sprague–Dawley rats/-/60 | 20d |
Directly correlated to WHO grade. Higher grade = more vessels. Glioblastomas = most vessels fastest No differences in tumors exhibiting peritumoral edema and no edema—However tendency Furthermore, recurrent tumors exhibit more vessels than non-recurring tumors |
| Kilic et al. 2013 [137] | To investigate inhibitory effect of gamma knife irradiation on angiogenesis of meningiomas | Implantation of various tumor grades in corneal micro pockets |
Sprague–Dawley rats/-/72 3 groups |
20d | No differences in number of vessels for grade 3, only high dose 22 Gy for grade 2 and only 18 + 22 Gy for grade 1 were significant | |
| Altered cells using virus | Brooks et al. 1988 [138] | To investigate tumor induction rate of Simian Virus 40 (SV40)-transformed human meningioma cell injection | Transformed cells (normal fetal brain and meningioma) with SV40 (Simian Virus 40—disputed oncogenic virus). Heterotopic injection 2 × 106 cells |
Athymic nude (nu/Cox)/6/45 3 groups |
Up to 74w |
TTR 0/15 of normal fetal brain injection/SV40 Meningioma/SV40 6/15 (4 lymphomas and 2 fibrosarcomas) TTR and SV40 virus alone TTR 6/15 all fibrosarcomas |
MoEMM: Method of Establishing Meningioma Model. ToA: Type of animal, TTR: Tumor take rate, age(w): Age in weeks. NoA: Number of animals. DoI: Duration of Incubation, m: months, w: weeks, d: days
aNot based on WHO 2021 classification. Full detailed Data Extraction Sheet is available in Additional file 11